WordNet

bear to eat; "He cannot stomach raw fish"
an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion (同)tummy, tum, breadbasket
an appetite for food; "exercise gave him a good stomach for dinner"
an inclination or liking for things involving conflict or difficulty or unpleasantness; "he had no stomach for a fight"
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
a minute epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass (同)stomate, pore
a mouth or mouthlike opening (especially one created by surgery on the surface of the body to create an opening to an internal organ)
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『胃』 / 〈C〉《話》『腹』,腹部(abdomen) / 〈U〉《しばしばa~》(…に対する)食欲《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《+『for』+『名』》・腹に入れる; 食べる, 消化する; 何とか我慢して飲み下す; （侮辱などを）がまんする
(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
気孔(葉・茎の表皮にあって気体の出入りに役立つ小さな穴)
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/01 21:00:05」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

The stomach is an important organ in the body. It plays a vital role in digestion of foods, releases various enzymes and also protects the lower intestine from harmful organisms. The stomach connects to the esophagus above and to the small intestine below. It is intricately related to the pancreas, spleen and liver. The stomach does vary in size but its J shape is constant. The stomach lies in the upper part of the abdomen just below the left rib cage.

Gastropathy is a general term used for stomach diseases.^[1] Examples including the name include portal hypertensive gastropathy and Ménétrier's disease, also known as "hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy". However, there are many other stomach diseases that don't include the word "gastropathy" such as gastric or peptic ulcer disease, gastroparesis, and dyspepsia.

Many stomach diseases are associated with infection. Historically, it was widely believed that the highly acidic environment of the stomach would keep the stomach immune from infection. However, a large number of studies have indicated that most cases of stomach ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. One of the ways it is able to survive in the stomach involves its urease enzymes which metabolize urea (which is normally secreted into the stomach) to ammonia and carbon dioxide which neutralises gastric acid and thus prevents its digestion. In recent years, it has been discovered that other Helicobacter bacteria are also capable of colonising the stomach and have been associated with gastritis.

Having too little or no gastric acid is known as hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria respectively and are conditions which can have negative health impacts. Having high levels of gastric acid is called hyperchlorhydria. Many people believe that hyperchlorhydria can cause stomach ulcers. However, recent research indicates that the gastric mucosa which secretes gastric acid is acid-resistant.

Gastritis and stomach cancer can be caused by Helicobacter pylori infection.

There are many types of chronic disorders which affect the stomach. However since the symptoms are localized to this organ, the typical symptoms of stomach problems include nausea, vomiting, bloating, cramps, diarrhea and pain.^[2]

Chronic disorders

Disorders of the stomach are very common and induce a significant amount of morbidity and suffering in the population. Data from hospitals indicate that more than 25% of the population suffers from some type of chronic stomach disorder including abdominal pain and indigestion. These symptoms occur for long periods and cause prolonged suffering, time off work and a poor quality of life. Moreover visits to doctors, expense of investigations and treatment result in many days lost from work and a colossal cost to the financial system.^[3]

Gastritis

In the stomach there is a slight balance between acid and the wall lining which is protected by mucus. When this mucus lining is disrupted for whatever reason, signs and symptoms of acidity result. This may result in upper abdominal pain, indigestion, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and heartburn. When the condition is allowed to progress, the pain may become continuous; blood may start to leak and be seen in the stools. If the bleeding is rapid and of adequate volume it may even result in vomiting of bright red blood (hematemesis). When the acidity is uncontrolled, it can even cause severe blood loss (anemia) or lead to perforation (hole) in the stomach which is a surgical emergency. In many individuals, the progressive bleeding from an ulcer mixes with the feces and presents as black stools. Presence of blood in stools is often the first sign that there is a problem in the stomach.^[4]

Gastroparesis

Another very common long term problem which is now more appreciated is gastroparesis. Gastroparesis affects millions of individuals and is often never suspected and most patients have a delay in diagnosis. Basically in gastroparesis, the stomach motility disappears and food remains stagnant in the stomach. The most common cause of gastroparesis is diabetes but it can also occur from a blockage at the distal end of stomach, a cancer or a stroke. Symptoms of gastroparesis includes abdominal pain, fullness, bloating, nausea, vomiting after eating food, loss of appetite and feeling of fullness after eating small amounts of food.

Diarrhea

During digestion, food is stored in the liquid present in the stomach. The food that is not digested travels to the large intestine and colon in liquid form. These organs begin to absorb the water turning the food into a more solid form. Different viruses or bacteria can increase the amount of liquid that is secreted and moves too quickly through the digestive tract for the water to be absorbed. Diarrhea comes in two types: acute diarrhea and chronic diarrhea. The acute diagnosis can last for a few days up to a week of time. Chronic diarrhea lasts for several days or longer periods of time lasting a few weeks. The difference in diagnosis will help determine the cause of the illness.

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, even the stomach, although it's a rare presentation. Its main feature is inflammatory ulcers that can affect the total thickness of the stomach wall and can bleed but rarely perforate. Symptoms include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diarrhea is also a symptom that can develop, so checking stools for the appearance of blood is important. It is possible for symptoms of Crohn's Disease to remain with a person for weeks or go away on their own. Reporting the symptoms to a doctor is recommended to prevent further complications.

Cancers

Cancers of the stomach are rare and the incidence has been declining worldwide. Stomach cancers usually occur due to fluctuations in acidity level and may present with vague symptoms of abdominal fullness, weight loss and pain. The actual cause of stomach cancer is not known but has been linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori, pernicious anemia, Menetriere's disease, and nitrogenous preservatives in food.^[5]

Causes and treatment

Smoking has been linked to a variety of disorders of the stomach. Tobacco is known to stimulate acid production and impairs production of the protective mucus. This leads to development of ulcers in the majority of smokers. Chronic stomach problems have also been linked to excess intake of alcohol. It has been shown that alcohol intake can cause stomach ulcer, gastritis and even stomach cancer. Thus, avoidance of smoking and excess alcohol consumption can help prevent the majority of chronic stomach disorders.

One of the most causes of chronic stomach problems is use of medications. Use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to treat various pain disorders can damage lining of the stomach and cause ulcers. Other medications like narcotics can interfere with stomach emptying and cause bloating, nausea, or vomiting.

The majority of chronic stomach problems are treated medically. However, there is evidence that a change in life style may help. Even though there is no specific food responsible for causing chronic stomach problems, experts recommend eating a healthy diet which consists of fruits and vegetables. Lean meat should be limited. Moreover people should keep a diary of foods that cause problems and avoid them.^[6]

Endoscopy

There are many tools for investigating stomach problems. The most common is endoscopy. This procedure is performed as an outpatient and utilizes a small flexible camera. The procedure does require intravenous sedation and takes about 30–45 minutes; the endoscope is inserted via the mouth and can visualize the entire swallowing tube, stomach and duodenum. The procedure also allows the physician to obtain biopsy samples. In many cases of bleeding, the surgeon can use the endoscope to treat the source of bleeding with laser, clips or other injectable drugs.

X rays

Other radiological studies frequently used to assess patients with chronic stomach problems include a barium swallow, where a dye is consumed and pictures of the esophagus and stomach are obtained every few minutes. Other tests include a 24 hour pH study, CT scans or MRI.

References

^ "Gastropathy" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Chronic Stomach Information Retrieved on 2010-01-20
^ Stomach Health HealthLine. Retrieved on 2010-01-20
^ What is a stomach ulcer Mama's Health. Retrieved on 2010-01-20
^ Stomach Cancer MedicineNet. Retrieved on 2010-01-20
^ Stomach Disorders MedLine Plus. Retrieved on 2010-01-20

External links

http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/topics/stomach.asp

UpToDate Contents

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1. 消化性潰瘍の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer disease
2. 成人における胃捻転 gastric volvulus in adults
3. 消化性潰瘍の稀な原因 unusual causes of peptic ulcer disease
4. 早期胃癌：治療、自然経過、および予後 early gastric cancer treatment natural history and prognosis
5. 腫瘍随伴性天疱瘡 paraneoplastic pemphigus

English Journal

Host Cell Contact Induces Fur-dependent Expression of Virulence Factors CagA and VacA in Helicobacter pylori.

Raghwan, Chowdhury R.Author information Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India.AbstractBACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori, a gram negative bacterium, colonizes the stomach in a majority of the world population. The two major virulence factors of H. pylori VacA and CagA, thought to be associated with chronic inflammation and disease, have been extensively studied, but the regulation of the expression of these virulence genes in H. pylori remains poorly understood.
Helicobacter.Helicobacter.2014 Feb;19(1):17-25. doi: 10.1111/hel.12087. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori, a gram negative bacterium, colonizes the stomach in a majority of the world population. The two major virulence factors of H. pylori VacA and CagA, thought to be associated with chronic inflammation and disease, have been extensively studied, but the regulation of t
PMID 24020886

RECK inhibits stemness gene expression and tumorigenicity of gastric cancer cells by suppressing ADAM-mediated Notch1 activation.

Hong KJ, Wu DC, Cheng KH, Chen LT, Hung WC.Author information Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.AbstractThe Reversion-inducing Cysteine-rich Protein with Kazal Motifs (RECK) gene encodes a membrane-anchored glycoprotein that exhibits strong inhibitory activity against various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). RECK functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. However, whether RECK can modulate the stem-like phenotypes of cancer cells is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that RECK is down-regulated in gastric cancer cells and is further reduced in CD133-positive cancer stem-like cells. Ectopic expression of RECK induces down-regulation of the expression of stemness genes including Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog and the cancer stem cell marker CD133. Treatment of DAPT (a γ-secretase inhibitor) or TAPI-2 (a hydroxamate-based inhibitor of MMPs, tumor necrosis factor α converting enzyme and ADAM17) reduces Notch1 shedding and activation which results in attenuation of stemness genes and CD133. Our data show that ADAM10 and ADAM17 are co-pulled down by RECK suggesting a physical interaction between RECK and ADAMs on cell surface. In addition, RECK suppresses sphere formation and sphere size of CD133-positive gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) or ADAM17 effectively reverse the inhibitory effect of RECK in CD133-positive cells. More importantly, RECK reduces tumorigenic activity of CD133-positive cells in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of RECK in non-tumorigenic GI2 cells increases stemness and CD133 expression and sphere forming ability. Collectively, these results indicate that RECK represses stemness gene expression and stem-like properties by inhibiting ADAM-mediated Notch1 shedding and activation.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Feb;229(2):191-201. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24434.
The Reversion-inducing Cysteine-rich Protein with Kazal Motifs (RECK) gene encodes a membrane-anchored glycoprotein that exhibits strong inhibitory activity against various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). RECK functions as a tumor suppressor by i
PMID 23881612

Basal renal function reserve and mean kidney dose predict future radiation-induced kidney injury in stomach cancer patients.

Yavas G, Elsurer R, Yavas C, Ata O.Author information Department of Radiation Oncology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey, guler.aydinyavas@gmail.com.AbstractBACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) improves the survival in patients with locally advanced stomach cancer. The kidneys are the major dose-limiting organs for radiotherapy (RT) in upper abdominal cancers. We aimed to evaluate the impact of adjuvant CRT on renal function of patients with stomach cancer.
Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer.Support Care Cancer.2014 Feb;22(2):445-51. doi: 10.1007/s00520-013-1996-z. Epub 2013 Oct 3.
BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) improves the survival in patients with locally advanced stomach cancer. The kidneys are the major dose-limiting organs for radiotherapy (RT) in upper abdominal cancers. We aimed to evaluate the impact of adjuvant CRT on renal function of patients with sto
PMID 24197055

Japanese Journal

左肺が無形成であった先天性左横隔膜ヘルニアの1症例

村上孟司,日高庸博,城戸咲,福嶋恒太郎,永田公二,田口智章,加藤聖子
超音波医学 advpub(0), 2015
先天性横隔膜ヘルニア胎児の肺低形成を超音波で評価するにあたって，肺胸郭断面積比（lung-to-thorax transverse ratio: LTR）や肺断面積児頭周囲長比（lung area to head circumference ratio: LHR）が用いられるが，これらの指標は健側肺がターゲットであり，患側肺は考慮しない．今回，胎児期に左横隔膜ヘルニアと診断，LTRやLHRは低値で …
NAID 130005063654

幽門狭窄を来した好酸球性胃炎の1例

福本晃平,北村陽子,下河邊嗣人,竹谷祐栄,角谷彰,田中斉祐,大野智之,金政和之,今井俊介
日本消化器内視鏡学会雑誌 57(3), 216-222, 2015
症例は70歳代，女性．繰り返す嘔吐と腹痛を主訴に当科を受診した．腹部CT検査にて胃の著明な拡張と前庭部に全周性の壁肥厚を認めた．上部消化管内視鏡検査では前庭部に高度な狭窄を認め，同部位の粘膜は凹凸不整を呈し，多発するびらんを認めた．病理組織検査にて粘膜内に高度な炎症細胞浸潤と好酸球浸潤（20/HPF以上）を認め，好酸球性胃炎と診断した．ステロイド投与にて粘膜の凹凸不整所見は改善した．幽門狭窄に対し …
NAID 130005061491

Pharmacokinetics and Brain Distribution of Tetrahydropalmatine and Tetrahydroberberine after Oral Administration of DA-9701, a New Botanical Gastroprokinetic Agent, in Rats

, , [他], ,
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38(2), 285-291, 2015
… DA-9701, a new botanical gastroprokinetic agent, has potential for the management of delayed gastric emptying in Parkinson's disease if it has no central anti-dopaminergic activity. … High concentrations of THP and THB in the stomach and small intestine suggest an explanation for DA-9701's potent gastroprokinetic activity. …
NAID 130004872260