関: spiral ganglion

WordNet

form a spiral; "The path spirals up the mountain"
a continuously accelerating change in the economy
a plane curve traced by a point circling about the center but at increasing distances from the center
ornament consisting of a curve on a plane that winds around a center with an increasing distance from the center (同)volute
flying downward in a helical path with a large radius

PrepTutorEJDIC

らせん(helix) / らせん状のもの;らせんばね;巻き貝 / (物価・賃金などの)らせん状上昇(下降) / らせん状の /… ‘を'らせん形にする / らせん形になる;らせん状に動く

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/27 23:52:09」(JST)

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The spiral (cochlear) ganglion is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. The cell bodies of the spiral ganglion neurons are found in the modiolus, the conical shaped central axis in the cochlea.

Structure

Neurons whose cell bodies lie in the spiral ganglion are strung along the bony core of the cochlea, and send fibers (axons) into the central nervous system (CNS). These bipolar neurons are the first neurons in the auditory system to fire an action potential, and supply all of the brain's auditory input. Their dendrites make synaptic contact with the base of hair cells, and their axons are bundled together to form the auditory portion of eighth cranial nerve. The number of neurons in the spiral ganglion is estimated to be about 35,000–50,000.^[1]

Two apparent subtypes of spiral ganglion cells exist. Type I spiral ganglion cells comprise the vast majority of spiral ganglion cells (90-95% in cats and 88% in humans^[2]), and exclusively innervate the inner hair cells. They are myelinated, bipolar neurons. Type II spiral ganglion cells make up the remainder. In contrast to Type I cells, they are unipolar and unmyelinated in most mammals. They innervate the outer hair cells, with each Type II neuron sampling many (15-20) outer hair cells.^[3] In addition, outer hair cells form reciprocal synapses onto Type II spiral ganglion cells, suggesting that the Type II cells have both afferent and efferent roles.^[4]

Development

The rudiment of the acoustic nerve appears about the end of the third week as a group of ganglion cells closely applied to the cephalic edge of the auditory vesicle. The ganglion gradually splits into two parts, the vestibular ganglion and the spiral ganglion. The fibers connecting the spiral ganglion with the central nervous system form the cochlear nerve.

Gallery

Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea
Organ of corti

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Mark F. Bear; Barry W. Connors & Michael A. Paradiso (2006). Neuroscience. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6003-8.
^ Douglas B. Webster; Arthur N. Popper; Richard R. Fay, eds. (1992). The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97800-3.
^ H Spoendlin (1972). "Innervation densities of the cochlea". Acta Otolaryngol.
^ JB Nadol Jr (1990). "Synaptic morphology of inner and outer hair cells of the human organ of Corti". J Elect Micr Tech.

External links

Slide and overview at anatomy.dal.ca
Slide at cytochemistry.net
Image at University of New England, Maine

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English Journal

Adult Human Nasal Mesenchymal-Like Stem Cells Restore Cochlear Spiral Ganglion Neurons After Experimental Lesion.

Bas E, Van De Water TR, Lumbreras V, Rajguru S, Goss G, Hare JM, Goldstein BJ.Source1 Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.
Stem cells and development.Stem Cells Dev.2013 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print]
A loss of sensory hair cells or spiral ganglion neurons from the inner ear causes deafness, affecting millions of people. Currently, there is no effective therapy to repair the inner ear sensory structures in humans. Cochlear implantation can restore input, but only if auditory neurons remain intact
PMID 24172073

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide prevents neuroaxonal degeneration induced by manganese in cochlear organotypic cultures.

Wang L, Ding D, Salvi R, Roth JA.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214.
Neurotoxicology.Neurotoxicology.2013 Dec 2. pii: S0161-813X(13)00179-4. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.11.007. [Epub ahead of print]
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace mineral for normal growth and development. Persistent exposures to high atmospheric levels of Mn have deleterious effects on CNS and peripheral nerves including those associated with the auditory system. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme which
PMID 24308914

Topographic and quantitative evaluation of gentamycin-induced damage to peripheral innervation of mouse cochleae.

Ruan Q, Ao H, He J, Chen Z, Yu Z, Zhang R, Wang J, Yin S.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology of the Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital and Otolaryngology Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 600 Yi Shan Road, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China; Central lab, Shanghai Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Affiliated Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 221 West Yan An Road, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China. Electronic address: qingweir@yahoo.com.cn.
Neurotoxicology.Neurotoxicology.2013 Dec 2. pii: S0161-813X(13)00174-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.11.002. [Epub ahead of print]
Ototoxicity induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics appears to occur both in hair cells (HCs) and the cochlear nerves that innervate them. Although HC loss can be easily quantified, neuronal lesions are difficult to quantify because two types of afferent dendrites and two types of efferent axons are t
PMID 24308912

Japanese Journal

Distinct Localization of Peripheral and Central Types of Choline Acetyltransferase in the Rat Cochlea

Kitanishi Tsuyoshi,Aimi Yoshinari,Kitano Hiroya,Suzuki Mikio,Kimura Hiroshi,Saito Atsushi,Shimizu Takeshi,Tooyama Ikuo
ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA 46(5), 145-152, 2013
… Some neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the spiral ganglia showed immunoreactivity for pChAT, predominantly the small spiral ganglion cells, indicating outer hair cell type II neurons. …
NAID 130003381868

[原著］A Study of Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Threshold and Comfort Level in Cochlear Implant Patients

Owa Tatsuhito,Ura Masaharu,Noda Yutaka,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan
琉球医学会誌 = Ryukyu Medical Journal 21(3-4), 133-141, 2002
… In cochlear implants, mapping devices for stimulating the spiral ganglia must be used. …
NAID 120002231256

ニューロトロフィンによる内耳神経支配の制御

赤池昭紀
Equilibrium research 58(4), 271-276, 1999-08-01
… TrkB and TrkC, but not TrkA, are expressed in cochlear and vestibular ganglia. …
NAID 10008712673

Related Pictures

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関連記事	「ganglia」「spiral」

「ganglia」

Spiral ganglion
	Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat. (Ganglion spirale is labeled at top, second from left.)
	Part of the cochlear division of the acoustic nerve, highly magnified.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	ganglion spirale
MeSH	A08.340.390.800
TA	A15.3.03.125
TH	H3.11.09.3.04068
FMA	53445
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]