WordNet

an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies or neurons
tie or fasten into a knot; "knot the shoelaces"
something twisted and tight and swollen; "their muscles stood out in knots"; "the old mans fists were two great gnarls"; "his stomach was in knots" (同)gnarl
a hard cross-grained round piece of wood in a board where a branch emerged; "the saw buckled when it hit a knot"
a sandpiper that breeds in the Arctic and winters in the southern hemisphere (同)greyback, grayback, Calidris canutus
any of various fastenings formed by looping and tying a rope (or cord) upon itself or to another rope or to another object
a tight cluster of people or things; "a small knot of women listened to his sermon"; "the bird had a knot of feathers forming a crest"
make into knots; make knots out of; "She knotted her fingers"
any thickened enlargement (同)knob, thickening
(botany) the small swelling that is the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge (同)leaf node
a connecting point at which several lines come together
(computer science) any computer that is hooked up to a computer network (同)client, guest
(astronomy) a point where an orbit crosses a plane
(physics) the point of minimum displacement in a periodic system
any bulge or swelling of an anatomical structure or part

PrepTutorEJDIC

神経節・ガングリオン，結節腫《主に手首にできる良性の嚢腫(のうしゆ)》・〔知的･産業的活動の〕中心，中枢〔of〕
『結び目』,結び / (リボンなどで作った)飾り結び / (人・物の,通例小さな)群れ,一団 / (板・木材の)節,節目;(筋肉などの)隆起 / 困難(difficulty) / 縁,絆(きずな) / ノット(1時間に1海里(約1,852m)進む速さの単位) / …‘を'『結びなわせる』《+『名』+『together』,+『together』+『名』》 / …‘に'結び目をつける,‘を'結ぶ / (こぶになって)堅く結ばれる,もつれる
(茎・幹の)節(ふし) / (体組織にできた)結節,こぶ(リンパ瘤(りゅう)など) / (天体の軌道の)交点 / (物事の)中心点
節(こぶ)の[ような]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/07 19:46:49」(JST)

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A dorsal root ganglion (DRG) from a chicken embryo (around stage of day 7) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody. Note the axons growing out of the ganglion.

In anatomy, a ganglion (/ˈɡæŋɡliən/ GANG-glee-ən; plural ganglia) is a nerve cell cluster^[1] or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.^[2]^[3] Cells found in a ganglion are called ganglion cells, though this term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to retinal ganglion cells.

Neurology

In neurological contexts, ganglia are composed mainly of somata and dendritic structures which are bundled or connected. Ganglia often interconnect with other ganglia to form a complex system of ganglia known as a plexus. Ganglia provide relay points and intermediary connections between different neurological structures in the body, such as the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Among vertebrates there are three major groups of ganglia:

Dorsal root ganglia (also known as the spinal ganglia) contain the cell bodies of sensory (afferent) nerves.
Cranial nerve ganglia, contain neurons of the cranial nerves.
Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves.

In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers, while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers.

Basal ganglia

The term "ganglion" refers to the peripheral nervous system.^[4]

However, in the brain (part of the central nervous system), the "basal ganglia", or basal nuclei, is a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem, associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions, and learning.

Partly due to this ambiguity, the Terminologia Anatomica recommends using the term basal nuclei instead of basal ganglia; however, this usage has not been generally adopted.

Pseudoganglion

A pseudoganglion is a localized thickening of the main part or trunk of a nerve that has the appearance of a ganglion but has only nerve fibres and no nerve cells.^[5]

Pseudoganglia are found in the teres minor muscle^[6] and radial nerve.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Sadava, David; Heller, H. Craig; Orians, Gordon H.; Purves, William K.; Hillis, David M. (2008). Life: The Science of Biology (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 943. ISBN 9780716776710.
^ "ganglion" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Brodal, Per (2010). The Central Nervous System. Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780195381153. In the CNS, such a group is called a nucleus and in the peripheral nervous system (PSN), a ganglion.
^ "UNSW Embryology- Glossary G". Retrieved 2008-01-13. ^{[dead link]}
^ "pseudoganglion". TheFreeDictionary. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ Gitlin, G. (Oct 1957). "Concerning the gangliform enlargement (pseudoganglion) on the nerve to the teres minor muscle". Journal of Anatomy 91 (4): 466–70. PMC 1244902. PMID 13475146.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ガングリオンと結節 ganglia and nodules
2. 亜急性または慢性の手首の疼痛を有する成人の評価 evaluation of the adult with subacute or chronic wrist pain
3. 膝窩（ベーカー）嚢腫 popliteal bakers cyst
4. ウィルソン病：臨床症状、診断、および自然史 wilson disease clinical manifestations diagnosis and natural history
5. 小児および思春期における慢性の手首の疼痛の原因 causes of chronic wrist pain in children and adolescents

English Journal

Infantile inflammatory pseudotumor of the facial nerve as a complication of epidermal nevus syndrome with cholesteatoma.

Hato N, Tsujimura M, Takagi T, Okada M, Gyo K, Tohyama M, Tauchi H.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan. Electronic address: nhato@m.ehime-u.ac.jp.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2013 Dec;40(6):569-72. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2012.11.016. Epub 2013 Feb 19.
The first reported case of facial paralysis due to an inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the facial nerve as a complication of epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS) is herein presented. A 10-month-old female patient was diagnosed with ENS at 3 months of age. She was referred to us because of moderate left f
PMID 23433476

Long term cortical plasticity in visual retinotopic areas in humans with silent retinal ganglion cell loss.

d'Almeida OC, Mateus C, Reis A, Grazina MM, Castelo-Branco M.SourceVisual Neuroscience Laboratory, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: oalmeida@fmed.uc.pt.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2013 Nov 1;81:222-30. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.032. Epub 2013 May 16.
Visual cortical plasticity induced by overt retinal lesions (scotomas) has remained a controversial phenomenon. Here we studied cortical plasticity in a silent model of retinal ganglion cell loss, documented by in vivo optical biopsy using coherence tomography. The cortical impact of non-scotomatous
PMID 23684869

MAGI-1 acts as a scaffolding molecule for NGF receptor-mediated signaling pathway.

Ito H, Morishita R, Iwamoto I, Mizuno M, Nagata K.SourceDepartment of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Oct;1833(10):2302-10. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.005. Epub 2013 Jun 13.
We have recently found that the membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted organization-1 (MAGI-1) was enriched in rat nervous tissues such as the glomeruli in olfactory bulb of adult rats and dorsal root entry zone in spinal cord of embryonic rats. In addition, we revealed the localization
PMID 23769981

Japanese Journal

緑内障早期診断のための網膜および視神経乳頭パラメータの比較

小暮俊介/小暮朗子/堀貞夫
東京女子医科大学雑誌 82(E1), E155-E164, 2012-01-31
目的:緑内障診断のための黄斑部、及び視神経乳頭パラメータの有用性を検証する。,対象と方法:本研究に参加の同意が得られた154眼を解析し、次の6群にわけた、すなわち正常群25眼、乳頭陥凹群27眼、視野障害前緑内障(PPG)群27眼、緑内障初期群26眼、中期群25眼、後期群24眼である。Cirrus HD-OCT を用いて、網膜パラメータ[視神経乳頭周囲網膜神経線維層(p-RNFL)、黄斑部網膜神経線 …
NAID 110008767968