WordNet

for a special service or occasion; "a special correspondent"; "a special adviser to the committee"; "had to get special permission for the event"
a dish or meal given prominence in e.g. a restaurant
a special offering (usually temporary and at a reduced price) that is featured in advertising; "they are having a special on pork chops"
a television production that features a particular person or work or topic; "the last of a series of BBC specials on Iran is being shown tonight"
adapted to or reserved for a particular purpose; "a special kind of paint"; "a special medication for arthritis"
relating to or affecting the viscera; "visceral bleeding"; "a splanchnic nerve" (同)splanchnic
internal organs collectively (especially those in the abdominal cavity); "`viscera is the plural form of `viscus" (同)entrails, innards
involving or derived from the senses; "sensory experience"; "sensory channels" (同)sensorial

PrepTutorEJDIC

『特別な』,並はずれた,例外的な / (他と異なって)『特殊な』,特別な / (人・物事に)『独特の』,専門の / 特別な物(人) / 《米話》…の)(値引きした)サービス品,特価[品]《+『on』+『名』》 / (テレビなどの)特別番組;臨時列車
内臓の,腸の / 《米》本能的な,感情的な
内臓 / 《話》腸
感覚の
(光・温度・放射能などの)感知器

UpToDate Contents

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1. 感覚消失患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with sensory loss
2. 内臓リーシュマニア症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis
3. 特別な医療が必要な小児 children with special health care needs
4. 慢性疼痛の定義および病因 definition and pathogenesis of chronic pain
5. 神経伝導検査の概要 overview of nerve conduction studies

English Journal

Neuroplastic alteration of TTX-resistant sodium channel with visceral pain and morphine-induced hyperalgesia.

Chen J1, Gong ZH, Yan H, Qiao Z, Qin BY.Author information 1Department of Internal Medicine, Neuroscience Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA ; The Divisions of Pharmacy, Pharmacology core lab, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA ; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.AbstractThe discovery of the tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na(+) channel in nociceptive neurons has provided a special target for analgesic intervention. In a previous study we found that both morphine tolerance and persistent visceral inflammation resulted in visceral hyperalgesia. It has also been suggested that hyperexcitability of sensory neurons due to altered TTX-R Na(+) channel properties and expression contributes to hyperalgesia; however, we do not know if some TTX-R Na(+) channel property changes can be triggered by visceral hyperalgesia and morphine tolerance, or whether there are similar molecular or channel mechanisms in both situations. To evaluate the effects of morphine tolerance and visceral inflammation on the channel, we investigated the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuronal change following these chronic treatments. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording, we recorded TTX-R Na(+) currents in isolated adult rat lumbar and sacral (L6-S2) DRG neurons from normal and pathologic rats with colon inflammatory pain or chronic morphine treatment. We found that the amplitudes of TTX-R Na(+) currents were significantly increased in small-diameter DRG neurons with either morphine tolerance or visceral inflammatory pain. Meanwhile, the result also showed that those treatments altered the kinetics properties of the electrical current (ie, the activating and inactivating speed of the channel was accelerated). Our current results suggested that in both models, visceral chronic inflammatory pain and morphine tolerance causes electrophysiological changes in voltage-gated Na channels due to the chronic administration of these medications. For the first time, the present investigation explored the adaptations of this channel, which may contribute to the hyperexcitability of primary afferent nerves and hyperalgesia during these pathologic conditions. The results also suggest that neurophysiologic mechanisms of morphine tolerance and visceral hyperalgesia are related at the TTX-R Na(+) channel.
Journal of pain research.J Pain Res.2012;5:491-502. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S27751. Epub 2012 Nov 8.
The discovery of the tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na(+) channel in nociceptive neurons has provided a special target for analgesic intervention. In a previous study we found that both morphine tolerance and persistent visceral inflammation resulted in visceral hyperalgesia. It has also been sugges
PMID 23166448

The central projections of the laryngeal nerves in the rat.

Pascual-Font A1, Hernández-Morato I, McHanwell S, Vázquez T, Maranillo E, Sañudo J, Valderrama-Canales FJ.Author information 1Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.AbstractThe larynx serves respiratory, protective, and phonatory functions. The motor and sensory innervation to the larynx controlling these functions is provided by the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Classical studies state that the SLN innervates the cricothyroid muscle and provides sensory innervation to the supraglottic cavity, whereas the RLN supplies motor innervation to the remaining intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory innervation to the infraglottic cavity, but recent data suggest a more complex anatomical and functional organisation. The current neuroanatomical tracing study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive description of the central brainstem connections of the axons within the SLN and the RLN, including those neurons that innervate the larynx. The study has been carried out in 41 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The central projections of the laryngeal nerves were labelled following application of biotinylated dextran amines onto the SLN, the RLN or both. The most remarkable result of the study is that in the rat the RLN does not contain any afferent axons from the larynx, in contrast to the pattern observed in many other species including man. The RLN supplied only special visceromotor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx from motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus (Amb). All the afferent axons innervating the larynx are contained within the SLN, and reach the nucleus of the solitary tract. The SLN also contained secretomotor efferents originating from motoneurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and special visceral efferent fibres from the Amb. In conclusion, the present study shows that in the rat the innervation of the larynx differs in significant ways from that described in other species.
Journal of anatomy.J Anat.2011 Aug;219(2):217-28. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01390.x. Epub 2011 May 22.
The larynx serves respiratory, protective, and phonatory functions. The motor and sensory innervation to the larynx controlling these functions is provided by the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Classical studies state that the SLN innervates the cricothyroid
PMID 21599662

Taste representation in the human insula.

Small DM.Author information The John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. dsmall@jbpierce.orgAbstractThe sense of taste exists so that organisms can detect potential nutrients and toxins. Despite the fact that this ability is of critical importance to all species there appear to be significant interspecies differences in gustatory organization. For example, monkeys and humans lack a pontine taste relay, which is a critical relay underlying taste and feeding behavior in rodents. In addition, and of particular relevance to this special issue, the primary taste cortex appears to be located further caudally in the insular cortex in humans compared to in monkeys. The primary aim of this paper is to review the evidence that supports this possibility. It is also suggested that one parsimonious explanation for this apparent interspecies differences is that if, as Craig suggests, the far anterior insular cortex is newly evolved and unique to humans, then the human taste cortex may only appear to be located further caudally because it is no longer the anterior-most section of insular cortex. In addition to discussing the location of taste representation in human insular cortex, evidence is presented to support the possibility that this region is better conceptualized as an integrated oral sensory region that plays role in feeding behavior, rather than as unimodal sensory cortex.
Brain structure & function.Brain Struct Funct.2010 Jun;214(5-6):551-61. doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0266-9. Epub 2010 May 29.
The sense of taste exists so that organisms can detect potential nutrients and toxins. Despite the fact that this ability is of critical importance to all species there appear to be significant interspecies differences in gustatory organization. For example, monkeys and humans lack a pontine taste r
PMID 20512366