sensor

• n.

• センサー、感知器

　

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1. (光・温度・放射能などの)感知器

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/28 19:31:57」(JST)

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For other uses, see Sensor (disambiguation).

"Sensors" redirects here. For other uses, see Sensors (disambiguation).

"Detector" redirects here. For detector circuits in radio and other signal-related electronics, see Detector (radio).

This article is about the type of device. It is not to be confused with Censor, Censure, or Censer.

In the broadest definition, a sensor is an electronic component, module, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor is always used with other electronics, whether as simple as a light or as complex as a computer.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable applications of which most people are never aware. With advances in micromachinery and easy-to-use microcontroller platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the traditional fields of temperature, pressure or flow measurement, for example into MARG sensors. Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely used. Applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many other aspects of our day-to-day life.

A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the input quantity being measured changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1  cm when the temperature changes by 1 °C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope Dy/Dx assuming a linear characteristic). Some sensors can also affect what they measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer. Sensors are usually designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages. Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with macroscopic approaches.

Classification of measurement errors

An infrared sensor

A good sensor obeys the following rules::

• it is sensitive to the measured property
• it is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application, and
• it does not influence the measured property.

Most sensors have a linear transfer function. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between the output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is a constant with the units [V/K]. The sensitivity is the slope of the transfer function. Converting the sensor's electrical output (for example V) to the measured units (for example K) requires dividing the electrical output by the slope (or multiplying by its reciprocal). In addition, an offset is frequently added or subtracted. For example -40 must be added to the output if 0 V output corresponds to -40 C input.

For an analog sensor signal to be processed, or used in digital equipment, it needs to be converted to a digital signal, using an analog-to-digital converter.

Sensor deviations

Since sensors cannot replicate an ideal transfer function, several types of deviations can occur which limit sensor accuracy:

• Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum when the measured property exceeds the limits. The full scale range defines the maximum and minimum values of the measured property.
• The sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified. This is called a sensitivity error. This is an error in the slope of a linear transfer function.
• If the output signal differs from the correct value by a constant, the sensor has an offset error or bias. This is an error in the y-intercept of a linear transfer function.
• Nonlinearity is deviation of a sensor's transfer function from a straight line transfer function. Usually, this is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the full range.
• Deviation caused by rapid changes of the measured property over time is a dynamic error. Often, this behavior is described with a bode plot showing sensitivity error and phase shift as a function of the frequency of a periodic input signal.
• If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property, this is defined as drift. Long term drift over months or years is caused by physical changes in the sensor.
• Noise is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.
• A hysteresis error causes the output value to vary depending on the previous input values. If a sensor's output is different depending on whether a specific input value was reached by increasing vs. decreasing the input, then the sensor has a hysteresis error.
• If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an approximation of the measured property. This error is also called quantization error.
• If the signal is monitored digitally, the sampling frequency can cause a dynamic error, or if the input variable or added noise changes periodically at a frequency near a multiple of the sampling rate, aliasing errors may occur.
• The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the property being measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the temperature of their environment.

All these deviations can be classified as systematic errors or random errors. Systematic errors can sometimes be compensated for by means of some kind of calibration strategy. Noise is a random error that can be reduced by signal processing, such as filtering, usually at the expense of the dynamic behavior of the sensor.

Resolution

The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is measuring. The resolution of a sensor with a digital output is usually the resolution of the digital output. The resolution is related to the precision with which the measurement is made, but they are not the same thing. A sensor's accuracy may be considerably worse than its resolution.

Sensors in nature

Further information: Sense

All living organisms contain biological sensors with functions similar to those of the mechanical devices described. Most of these are specialized cells that are sensitive to:

• Light, motion, temperature, magnetic fields, gravity, humidity, moisture, vibration, pressure, electrical fields, sound, and other physical aspects of the external environment
• Physical aspects of the internal environment, such as stretch, motion of the organism, and position of appendages (proprioception)
• Environmental molecules, including toxins, nutrients, and pheromones
• Estimation of biomolecules interaction and some kinetics parameters
• Internal metabolic indicators, such as glucose level, oxygen level, or osmolality
• Internal signal molecules, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and cytokines
• Differences between proteins of the organism itself and of the environment or alien creatures.

Chemical sensor

A chemical sensor is a self-contained analytical device that can provide information about the chemical composition of its environment, that is, a liquid or a gas phase. The information is provided in the form of a measurable physical signal that is correlated with the concentration of a certain chemical species (termed as analyte). Two main steps are involved in the functioning of a chemical sensor, namely, recognition and transduction. In the recognition step, analyte molecules interact selectively with receptor molecules or sites included in the structure of the recognition element of the sensor. Consequently, a characteristic physical parameter varies and this variation is reported by means of an integrated transducer that generates the output signal. A chemical sensor based on recognition material of biological nature is a biosensor. However, as synthetic biomimetic materials are going to substitute to some extent recognition biomaterials, a sharp distinction between a biosensor and a standard chemical sensor is superfluous. Typical biomimetic materials used in sensor development are molecularly imprinted polymers and aptamers.

Biosensor

Main article: biosensor

In biomedicine and biotechnology, sensors which detect analytes thanks to a biological component, such as cells, protein, nucleic acid or biomimetic polymers, are called biosensors. Whereas a non-biological sensor, even organic (=carbon chemistry), for biological analytes is referred to as sensor or nanosensor. This terminology applies for both in-vitro and in vivo applications. The encapsulation of the biological component in biosensors, presents a slightly different problem that ordinary sensors; this can either be done by means of a semipermeable barrier, such as a dialysis membrane or a hydrogel, or a 3D polymer matrix, which either physically constrains the sensing macromolecule or chemically constrains the macromolecule by bounding it to the scaffold.

See also

• Actuator
• Data acquisition
• Data logger
• Image sensor
• List of sensors
• Machine olfaction
• Nanoelectronics
• Nanosensor
• Sensing floor
• Transducer
• Wireless sensor network

Further reading

• M. Kretschmar and S. Welsby (2005), Capacitive and Inductive Displacement Sensors, in Sensor Technology Handbook, J. Wilson editor, Newnes: Burlington, MA.
• C. A. Grimes, E. C. Dickey, and M. V. Pishko (2006), Encyclopedia of Sensors (10-Volume Set), American Scientific Publishers. ISBN 1-58883-056-X
• Blaauw, F.J., Schenk, H.M., Jeronimus, B.F., van der Krieke, L., de Jonge, P., Aiello, M., Emerencia, A.C. (2016). Let’s get Physiqual – An intuitive and generic method to combine sensor technology with ecological momentary assessments. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, vol. 63, page 141-149.

• http://www.cbm-sweden.se/images/Seminarie/Class_Descriptions_IDA_MEMS.pdf

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English Journal

• High-performance cholesterol sensor based on the solution-gated field effect transistor fabricated with ZnO nanorods.

• Ahmad R, Tripathy N, Hahn YB.SourceDepartment of BIN Fusion Technology, School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Jul 15;45:281-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.021. Epub 2013 Jan 18.
• A high-performance cholesterol sensor based on solution-gated field-effect-transistor (FET) was fabricated by using the vertically aligned ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) grown selectively on pre-patterned substrate in solution. The structural characterization showed that the as-grown ZnO NRs are vertically
• PMID 23500376

• Silicon multi-nanochannel FETs to improve device uniformity/stability and femtomolar detection of insulin in serum.

• Regonda S, Tian R, Gao J, Greene S, Ding J, Hu W.SourceDepartment of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Jul 15;45:245-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.027. Epub 2013 Feb 21.
• Here we demonstrate the use of multiple Si nanochannel (NC) or nanograting (NG) instead of the conventional single nanochannel or nanowire design in biosensors. The NG devices can significantly reduce device-to-device variation, and improve device performance, e.g. higher current, higher ON/OFF rati
• PMID 23500371

• A novel surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on graphene oxide decorated with gold nanorod-antibody conjugates for determination of transferrin.

• Zhang J, Sun Y, Xu B, Zhang H, Gao Y, Zhang H, Song D.SourceCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Jul 15;45:230-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.008. Epub 2013 Feb 16.
• A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on graphene oxide (GO) decorated with gold nanorod (AuNR)-antibody conjugates was developed. Compared with traditional SPR biosensor, GO sheets were assembled on the amino-modified Au film via electrostatic interaction, and then AuNR-antibody conjuga
• PMID 23500369

Japanese Journal

• 1億3300万画素撮像素子およびフル解像度8K単板カメラシステムの開発

• 映像情報メディア学会誌 72(1), J35-J40, 2018
• NAID 130006259687

• ハイブリッドセンサを用いたハンディカメラによるバーチャルスタジオの開発と実用化

• 映像情報メディア学会誌 72(1), J13-J22, 2018
• NAID 130006259676

• A fluorescent metal-sensor study provides evidence for iron transport by transcytosis in the intestinal epithelial cells

• Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ　Ｂｉｏｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ　ａｎｄ　Ｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ, 2018
• NAID 130006251718

Related Links

• まるごとわかる sensor.co.jp：株式会社キーエンス

株式会社キーエンス 技術と知識の情報サイト まるごとわかるsensor.co.jp 技術と知識の情報サイト FA業界の基礎知識がまるごとわかる！技術情報のポータルサイト English 日本語 簡体中文 夏季休業（8/10～8/18）の営業に関する 同時に ...

• SENSOR EXPO JAPAN 2013

センサとその応用技術、機器、システム、ネットワークに関する専門展示会 ... 名 称： センサエキスポジャパン2013／SENSOR EXPO JAPAN 2013 センサネットワーク技術展／SENSOR NETWORK TECHNOLOGY EXPO

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「検出器」「感知器」「センサー」
拡張検索	「sensory epithelium」「taste sensory cell」「sensorimotor gating」

「検出器」

　　[★]

英

detection circuit、detector、detector sensor、detector system、sensor

「感知器」

　　[★]

英

sensor

関

センサー

「センサー」

　　[★]

英

sensor

関

感知器

「sensory epithelium」

　　[★]

感覚上皮

関

neuroepithelium

「taste sensory cell」

　　[★]

• 味覚細胞

関

taste cell

「sensorimotor gating」

　　[★]

• 感覚運動ゲーティング