soleus

ヒラメ筋 　

WordNet

1. a broad flat muscle in the calf of the leg under the gastrocnemius muscle (同)soleus_muscle
2. put a new sole on; "sole the shoes" (同)resole
3. right-eyed flatfish; many are valued as food; most common in warm seas especially European
4. the underside of footwear or a golf club
5. lean flesh of any of several flatfish (同)fillet of sole
6. the underside of the foot

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 足の裏 / 靴底 / 〈靴〉‘に'底をつける
2. 『たった一人』(『一つ』)『の』 / 『独占的な』,一手に扱う
3. ウシノシタ,シタビラメ(ササウシノシタ科,ウシノシタ科の魚の総称)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/21 21:15:31」(JST)

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Soleus muscle
Muscles of lower extremity
The soleus muscle and surrounding structures, from Gray's Anatomy. This is a view of the back of the right leg; most of the gastrocnemius muscle has been removed.
Details
Origin	fibula, medial border of tibia (soleal line)
Insertion	tendo calcaneus
Artery	popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, peroneal artery
Nerve	tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2
Actions	plantarflexion
Antagonist	tibialis anterior
Identifiers
Latin	Musculus soleus
TA	A04.7.02.047
FMA	22542
Anatomical terms of muscle [edit on Wikidata]

In humans and some other mammals, the soleus is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the Latin word "solea", meaning "sandal".

Structure

The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. Soleus is vestigial in the horse.

The soleus exhibits significant morphological differences across species. It is unipennate in many species. In some animals, such as the rabbit, it is fused for much of its length with the gastrocnemius muscle. In the human, soleus is a complex multi-pennate muscle, usually having a separate (posterior) aponeurosis from the gastrocnemius muscle. A majority of soleus muscle fibers originate from each side of the anterior aponeurosis, attached to the tibia and fibula. Other fibers originate from the posterior (back) surfaces of the head of the fibula and its upper quarter, as well as the middle third of the medial border of the tibia.

The fibers originating from the anterior surface of the anterior aponeurosis insert onto the median septum and the fibers originating from the posterior surface of the anterior aponeurosis insert onto the posterior aponeurosis. The posterior aponeurosis and median septum join in the lower quarter of the muscle and then join with the anterior aponeuroses of the gastrocnemius muscles to form the calcaneal tendon or Achilles tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone.

In contrast to some animals, the human soleus and gastrocnemius muscles are relatively separate, such that shear can be detected between the soleus and gastrocnemius aponeuroses.

Relations

The gastrocnemius muscle is superficial to (closer to the skin than) the soleus, which lies below the gastrocnemius.

The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles. Deep to it (farther from the skin) is the transverse intermuscular septum, which separates the superficial posterior compartment of the leg from the deep posterior compartment.

On the other side of the fascia are the tibialis posterior muscle, the flexor digitorum longus muscle, and the flexor hallucis longus muscle, along with the posterior tibial artery and posterior tibial vein and the tibial nerve.

Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial middle of the tibia.

Function

The action of the calf muscles, including the soleus, is plantarflexion of the foot (that is, they increase the angle between the foot and the leg). They are powerful muscles and are vital in walking, running, and dancing. The soleus specifically plays an important role in maintaining standing posture; if not for its constant pull, the body would fall forward.

Also, in upright posture, the soleus is responsible for pumping venous blood back into the heart from the periphery, and is often called the skeletal-muscle pump, peripheral heart or the sural (tricipital) pump.

Soleus muscles have a higher proportion of slow muscle fibers than many other muscles. In some animals, such as the guinea pig and cat, soleus consists of 100% slow muscle fibers. Human soleus fiber composition is quite variable, containing between 60 and 100% slow fibers.

The soleus is the most effective muscle for plantarflexion in a bent knee position. This is because the gastrocnemius originates on the femur, so bending the leg limits its effective tension. During regular movement (i.e. walking) the soleus is the primary muscle utilized for plantarflexion due to the slowtwitch fibers resisting fatigue.

Clinical significance

Disease

Due to the thick fascia covering the muscles of the leg, they are prone to compartment syndrome. This pathology relates to the inflammation of tissue affecting blood flow and compressing nerves. If left untreated compartment syndrome can lead to atrophy of muscles, blood clots, and neuropathy.

Additional images

Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface.  Cross-section through middle of leg.  Back of left lower extremity.  Posterior view.

References

• Gray, Henry. Pick, T. Pickering, & Howden, Robert (Eds.) (1995). Gray's Anatomy (15th ed.). New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
• Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Print.

External links

• Anatomy photo:15:st-0414 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
• A. Agur. Architecture of the human soleus muscle, three-dimensional computer modelling of cadaveric muscle and ultrasonographic documentation in vivo. University of Toronto (PhD Thesis). ((https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/16553/1/NQ59030.pdf))

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Effect of Four Weeks of β-alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine and Blood Serum Lactate during Exercise in Male Rats.

• Naderi A1, Hemat Far A1, Willems ME2, Sadeghi M3.
• Journal of dietary supplements.J Diet Suppl.2016 Sep 2;13(5):487-94. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2015.1113223. Epub 2016 Jan 8.
• β-alanine (BA) supplementation may increase muscle buffering capacity and affect physiological responses during exercise. We examined the effects of 4 weeks of BA supplementation on muscle carnosine and serum lactate in male rats. Rats (n = 24, age: 2 months, body weight: 265±22 g) were divided i
• PMID 26745664

• Postnatal training of 129/Sv mice confirms the long-term influence of early exercising on the motor properties of mice.

• Serradj N1, Jamon M2.
• Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2016 Sep 1;310:126-34. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.035. Epub 2016 Apr 27.
• A previous study showed that motor experiences during critical periods of development durably affect the motor properties of adult C57BL/6J mice. However, dependence on early environmental features may vary with the genetic profile. To evaluate the contribution of the genetic background on external
• PMID 27130139

• The Involvement of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerve in the Inflammatory Reflex.

• Pereira MR1, Leite PE2.
• Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2016 Sep;231(9):1862-9. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25307. Epub 2016 Feb 2.
• Production of inflammatory cytokines plays important roles in the response against tissue injury and in host defense. Alterations in the production of inflammatory cytokines may cause local or systemic inflammatory imbalance, culminating in organ failure or lethal systemic inflammation. The choliner
• PMID 26754950

Japanese Journal

• Effects of icing or heat stress on the induction of fibrosis and/or regeneration of injured rat soleus muscle

• The journal of physiological sciences 66(4), 345-357, 2016-07
• NAID 40020868161

• Effect of biological factors on successful measurements with skeletal-muscle ¹H-MRS

• Therapeutics and clinical risk management 12, 1133-1137, 2016-07
• NAID 120005829772

• 後肢非荷重後の再荷重がラットヒラメ筋毛細血管に与える筋線維タイプ特異的な影響

• スポーツ整復療法学研究 = Journal of sport sciences and osteopathic therapy 17(3), 171-176, 2016-03
• NAID 40020899263

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リンク元	「ヒラメ筋」
拡張検索	「soleus muscle」「musculus soleus」
関連記事	「sole」

「ヒラメ筋」

　　[★]

英

soleus muscle (N,KL,KH), soleus (M,KL,K)

ラ

musculus soleus

関

下肢の筋、足関節の筋

• 腓腹筋の深層にある

起始

• 脛骨(ヒラメ筋線)、腓骨(頭、骨幹上部)

停止

• 踵骨(踵骨突起)

神経

• 脛骨神経

機能

• 足関節の底屈

カテゴリ

足関節の底屈＞:足関節の底屈

Henry Gray (1825-1861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

「soleus muscle」

　　[★]

ヒラメ筋

関

anterior tibial muscle、gastrocnemius muscle、musculus soleus、plantaris muscle、skeletal muscle、voluntary muscle

「musculus soleus」

　　[★]

ヒラメ筋

関

soleus muscle

「sole」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 唯一の、ただひとつの

• n.

• 足底

関

only、plantar、plantaris、singular、unique、uniquely