関: anterior tibial muscle、gastrocnemius muscle、skeletal muscle、soleus muscle、voluntary muscle

WordNet

make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"
relating to or occurring on the undersurface of the foot; "plantar warts can be very painful"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
足の裏の,足底の
筋肉の,筋力のある / 力ずくの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/15 11:18:36」(JST)

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The plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg, one of the fascial compartments of the leg.

It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. While not as thick as the achilles tendon, the plantaris tendon (which tends to be between 30 and 45 cm in length) is the longest tendon in the human body. Not including the tendon, the plantaris muscle is approximately 5–10 cm long and is absent in 8-12% of the population. It is one of the plantar flexors in the posterior compartment of the leg, along with the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The plantaris is considered an unimportant muscle and mainly acts with the gastrocnemius.

Structure

The plantaris muscle arises from the inferior part of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur at a position slightly superior to the origin of the lateral head of gastrocnemius. It passes posterior to the knee joint in an inferomedial direction and becomes tendinous distally to insert into the Achilles tendon. It occasionally separately inserts into the medial side of the calcaneus.

Innervation

The plantaris muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve a branch of the sciatic nerve in the sacral plexus. Signaling for contraction begins in the frontal lobe of the brain with the pre-central gyrus (primary motor cortex). Upper motor neurons are stimulated and send a signal through the internal capsule and down the corticospinal tract. Decussation of the lateral corticospinal tract occurs in the medullary pyramids, then the fibers continue down the contralateral side of the spinal cord. Upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons at the anterior horn of the spinal cord in the sacral plexus (formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4, L5, S1–4). The lower motor neuron fibers continue down the sciatic nerve and then diverge into the tibial and common fibular nerves. The tibial nerve runs medially at the knee joint. When the tibial nerve receives an action potential, the plantaris muscle contracts, providing weak plantar flexion of the foot and weak flexion of the knee.^[1]

Variation

The muscle may arise from the oblique popliteal ligament. Interdigitations with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and a fibrous extension of the muscle to the patella are not unusual.^[2]

Function

The plantaris acts to weakly plantar flex the ankle joint and flex the knee joint.

The plantaris muscle may also provide proprioceptive feedback information to the central nervous system regarding the position of the foot. The unusually high density of proprioceptive receptor end organs supports this notion.^[3]

Its motor function is so minimal that its long tendon can readily be harvested for reconstruction elsewhere with little functional deficit. Often mistaken for a nerve by new medical students (and thus called the "freshman nerve"), the muscle was useful to other primates for grasping with their feet.^{[citation needed]}

Clinical significance

A common injury that is normally attributed to the plantaris muscle is a condition called tennis leg. Although pain in the calf can be attributed to a rupture of the plantaris muscle, recent ultrasound research has shown that tennis leg more commonly arises from tears in the musculotendinous junction of the medial gastrocnemius. In one clinical study, 94 out of 141 patients (66.7%) diagnosed with tennis leg were found with a partial rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle while rupture of the plantaris tendon was only seen in 2 patients (1.4%).^[4]

Injury may occur from running, jumping, or pushing off one leg as in sports such as tennis, basketball and soccer which require quick foot movement in a certain direction. Isolated plantaris muscle strains are rare and ruptures normally occur in concurrence with injury to other muscles in the posterior compartment of the lower leg.^[5] Symptoms of a plantaris muscle rupture may include an audible popping sound in the area during physical activity, swelling, pain in the posterior side of the lower leg, and persistent soreness. It may also be painful when trying to flex the ankle.^[6]

Additional images

Tendon of Plantaris is labeled under the gastrocnemius (left), and folded away (right).
Muscles of the back of the leg. Superficial layer.
Cross-section through middle of leg.
Plantaris muscle

References

^ Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy and Physiology The Unity of Form and Function. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2009. Print.^{[page needed]}
^ Freeman, A. J.; Jacobson, N. A.; Fogg, Q. A. (2008). "Anatomical variations of the plantaris muscle and a potential role in patellofemoral pain syndrome". Clinical Anatomy. 21 (2): 178–81. PMID 18266282. doi:10.1002/ca.20594.
^ Moore, Keith L; & Dalley Arthur R (2008). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0^{[page needed]}
^ Delgado, Gonzalo J.; Chung, Christine B.; Lektrakul, Nitaya; Azocar, Patricio; Botte, Michael J.; Coria, Daniel; Bosch, Enrique; Resnick, Donald (2002). "Tennis Leg: Clinical US Study of 141 Patients and Anatomic Investigation of Four Cadavers with MR Imaging and US1". Radiology. 224 (1): 112–9. PMID 12091669. doi:10.1148/radiol.2241011067.
^ Spina, A. A. (2007). "The plantaris muscle: Anatomy, injury, imaging, and treatment". The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. 51 (3): 158–65. PMC 1978447 . PMID 17885678.
^ http://www.livestrong.com/article/510804-running-injuries-to-the-plantaris-soleus-muscles/^{[full citation needed]}

External links

Anatomy photo:15:st-0412 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
PTCentral

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Assessment of lean (muscle) mass and its distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy Indian females.

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Modelling capillary oxygen supply capacity in mixed muscles: Capillary domains revisited.

Al-Shammari AA1, Gaffney EA2, Egginton S3.
Journal of theoretical biology.J Theor Biol.2014 Sep 7;356C:47-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.04.016. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
Developing effective therapeutic interventions for pathological conditions associated with abnormal oxygen transport to muscle fibres critically depends on the objective characterisation of capillarity. Local indices of capillary supply have the potential to identify the onset of fine-scale tissue p
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Cellular aging of skeletal muscle: telomeric and free radical evidence that physical inactivity is responsible and not age.

Venturelli M, Morgan GR, Donato AJ, Reese V, Bottura R1, Tarperi C2, Milanese C2, Schena F2, Reggiani C3, Naro F4, Cawthon RM5, Richardson RS.
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Telomeres play an essential role in maintaining chromosomal integrity in the face of physiological stressors. Although the age-related shortening of TL (telomere length) in highly proliferative tissue is predominantly due to the replication process, the mechanism for telomere shortening in skeletal
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Japanese Journal

Expression of specific IGFBPs is associated with those of the proliferating and differentiating markers in regenerating rat plantaris muscle

Yamaguchi Akihiko,Sakuma Kunihiro,Fujikawa Takahiko 他
The journal of physiological sciences 63(1), 71-77, 2013-01-00
NAID 40019538847

ジャンプトレーニング並びに持久走トレーニングによるラット下肢骨及び骨格筋の発達変化とその関連性

幸篤武,與谷謙吾,石道峰典,田巻弘之,春日規克
日本運動生理学雑誌 19(2), 65-73, 2012-07-20
… The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between tibia and plantaris muscle developments in endurance-running-trained and jump-trained rat. … We also measured the contractile properties in plantaris muscle. … The trainings also increased weight and maximal tension in plantaris muscle. …
NAID 110009479353

絶食時の持久力トレーニングが骨格筋重量及びその他臓器組織重量に及ぼす影響

山田茂,村松敬子,木崎恵梨子,大橋文
実践女子大学生活科学部紀要 49, 29-32, 2012-03-10
… Both a meal and movement influenced the weight of the soleus muscle. … In the case of plantaris, it was the same as that of a soleus muscle. … However, as for plantaris, as compared with the soleus muscle, the influence of a mealwas more strongly observed from comparison of B group and D group. …
NAID 110008916587

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「anterior tibial muscle」「soleus muscle」「voluntary muscle」
関連記事	「plantar」「plantaris」「muscle」

「anterior tibial muscle」

Plantaris muscle
	The plantaris is visible under the gastrocnemius.
	The synovial sheaths of the tendons around the ankle. Medial aspect. (Tendon of Plantaris labeled at bottom right.)
Details
Origin	Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius
Insertion	Tendo calcaneus (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon)
Artery	sural arteries
Nerve	tibial nerve from anterior rami of S1-S2
Actions	Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee
Antagonist	Tibialis anterior muscle
Identifiers
Latin	musculus plantaris
Dorlands; /Elsevier	m_22/12550213
TA	A04.7.02.049
FMA	22543
	Anatomical terms of muscle [edit on Wikidata]