皮膚プリックテスト

WordNet

undergo a test; "She doesnt test well"
any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc; "the test was standardized on a large sample of students" (同)mental test, mental testing, psychometric test
the act of undergoing testing; "he survived the great test of battle"; "candidates must compete in a trial of skill" (同)trial
the act of testing something; "in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately"; "he called each flip of the coin a new trial" (同)trial, run
a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" (同)prove, try, try out, examine, essay
achieve a certain score or rating on a test; "She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools"
determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV"
bruise, cut, or injure the skin or the surface of; "The boy skinned his knee when he fell" (同)scrape
a persons skin regarded as their life; "he tried to save his skin"
a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal
an outer surface (usually thin); "the skin of an airplane"
a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch; "your skin is the largest organ of your body" (同)tegument, cutis
strip the skin off; "pare apples" (同)peel, pare
to cause a sharp emotional pain; "The thought of her unhappiness pricked his conscience"
the act of puncturing with a small point; "he gave the balloon a small prick" (同)pricking
cause a stinging pain; "The needle pricked his skin" (同)sting, twinge
an examination of the characteristics of something; "there are laboratories for commercial testing"; "it involved testing thousands of children for smallpox"
the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works; "they agreed to end the testing of atomic weapons"
move along on skis; "We love to ski the Rockies"; "My children dont ski"
narrow wood or metal or plastic runners used in pairs for gliding over snow

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人の能力などの)『試験』,考査,テスト / (物事の)『試験』,検済,試錬,実験《+of+名》 / 化学分析;試薬 / =test match / …‘を'『試験する』,検査する / …‘を'化学分析する / (…の)試験を受ける,試験をする《+for+名》
〈U〉〈C〉(人・動物の)『皮膚』,肌 / 〈C〉〈U〉(動物からはいだ)『皮』,『毛皮』;皮製品,皮袋 / 〈C〉(果物・野菜の)皮 / 〈U〉〈C〉(液体の表面にできる)薄い膜,上皮 / 〈C〉(枠組み・表面などを覆う)外皮,外被,外板 / 〈動物・果物など〉‘の'皮をはぐ(むく) / 〈手・脚など〉‘を'擦りむく / 《話》(金などを)〈人〉‘から'巻き上げる《+『名』〈人〉+『of』+『名』》 / 〈傷口などが〉皮で覆われる《+『over』》
(…で)…‘を'『ちくりと刺す』,突く《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人,人の心身〉‘を'『ちくちく痛ませる』,ちくちく苦しめる / 『ちくりと刺すこと』 / 刺してできた傷,突き傷;刺し穴 / 刺すような痛み;(心の)うずき,痛み《+『of』+『名』》 / とげ,針
『スキー』 / 『スキーで滑走する』 / …‘を'スキーで滑る / スキーの,スキー用の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/08 13:30:46」(JST)

wiki en

Skin allergy testing is a method for medical diagnosis of allergies that attempts to provoke a small, controlled, allergic response.

Methods

A microscopic amount of an allergen is introduced to a patient's skin by various means:^[1]

A person receiving a skin allergy test

Skin prick test: pricking the skin with a needle or pin containing a small amount of the allergen.^[2]
Skin scratch test: a deep dermic scratch is performed with help of the blunt botton of a lancet.^[3]
Intradermic test: a tiny quantity of allergen is injected under the dermis wth a hypodermic syringe.
Skin scrape Test: a superficial scrape is performed with help of the bovel of a needle to remove the superficial layer of the epidermis.^[4]
Patch test: applying a patch to the skin, where the patch contains the allergen

If an immuno-response is seen in the form of a rash, urticaria (hives), or (worse) anaphylaxis it can be concluded that the patient has a hypersensitivity (or allergy) to that allergen. Further testing can be done to identify the particular allergen.

The "skin scratch test" as it's called, is not very commonly used due to increased likelihood of infection. On the other hand, the "skin scrape test" is painless, does not leave residual pigmentation and does not have a risk of infection, since it is limited to the superficial layer of the skin.

Some allergies are identified in a few minutes but others may take several days. In all cases where the test is positive, the skin will become raised, red and appear itchy. The results are recorded - larger wheals indicating that the subject is more sensitive to that particular allergen. A negative test does not conclusively rule out an allergy; occasionally, the concentration needs to be adjusted, or the body fails to elicit a response.

Immediate reactions tests

Skin testing on arm

In the prick, scratch and scrape tests, a few drops of the purified allergen are gently pricked on to the skin surface, usually the forearm. This test is usually done in order to identify allergies to pet dander, dust, pollen, foods or dust mites. Intradermal injections are done by injecting a small amount of allergen just beneath the skin surface. The test is done to assess allergies to drugs like penicillin or bee venom.

Skin testing on back

To ensure that the skin is reacting in the way it is supposed to, all skin allergy tests are also performed with proven allergens like histamine or glycerin. The majority of people do react to histamine and do not react to glycerin. If the skin does not react appropriately to these allergens then it most likely will not react to the other allergens. These results are interpreted as falsely negative.^[5]

Delayed reactions tests

Patch test

The patch test simply uses a large patch which has different allergens on it. The patch is applied onto the skin, usually on the back. The allergens on the patch include latex, medications, preservatives, hair dyes, fragrances, resins and various metals. When a patch is applied the subject should avoid bathing or exercise for at least 48 hours.

Skin end point titration

Also called an intradermal test, this skin end point titration (SET) uses intradermal injection of allergens at increasing concentrations to measure allergic response.^[6] To prevent a severe allergic reaction, the test is started with a very dilute solution. After 10 minutes, the injection site is measured to look for growth of wheal, a small swelling of the skin. Two millimeters of growth in 10 minutes is considered positive. If 2 mm of growth is noted, then a second injection at a higher concentration is given to confirm the response. The end point is the concentration of antigen that causes an increase in the size of the wheal followed by confirmatory whealing. If the wheal grows larger than 13 mm, then no further injection are given since this is considered a major reaction.

Preparation

There are no major preparations required for skin testing. At the first consult, the subject's medical history is obtained and physical examination is performed. All consumers should bring a list of their medications because some may interfere with the testing. Other medications may increase the chance of a severe allergic reaction. Medications that commonly interfere with skin testing include the following:

Histamine antagonists like Allegra, Claritin, Benadryl, Zyrtec
Antidepressants like Amitriptyline, Doxepin
Antacid like Tagamet or Zantac

Consumers who undergo skin testing should know that anaphylaxis can occur anytime. So if any of the following symptoms are experienced, a physician consultation is recommended immediately:

Low grade Fever
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Wheezing or Shortness of breath
Extensive skin rash
Swelling of face, lips or mouth
Difficulty swallowing or speaking

Contraindications

Even though skin testing may seem to be a benign procedure, it does have some risks, including swollen red bumps (hives) which may occur after the test. The hives usually disappear in a few hours after the test. In rare cases they can persist for a day or two. These hives may be itchy and are best treated by applying an over the counter hydrocortisone cream.^[7] In very rare cases one may develop a full blown allergic reaction. Physicians who perform skin test always have equipment and medications available in case an anaphylaxis reaction occurs. This is the main reason why consumers should not get skin testing performed at corner stores or by people who have no medical training.^[8]

Skin testing can be done on individuals of all ages. However, there are times when a skin test should not be done. Individuals who take medications for depression, gastric acidity or antihistamines should not undergo this test. In such cases, stopping the medications for a skin test may not be worthwhile as one may develop symptoms from the untreated medical disorders. Individuals who have severe, generalized skin disease or an acute skin infection should not undergo skin testing. One needs uninvolved skin for testing.

There are some individuals who are highly sensitive to even the smallest amount of allergen and in such scenarios, allergic testing is not recommended. Whenever the chances of an anaphylactic shock are high, the test is best avoided.^[9]

Besides skin tests, there are blood tests which measure a specific antibody in the blood. The IgE antibody plays a vital role in allergies but its levels in blood do not always correlate with the allergic reaction.^[10]

There are many alternative health care practitioners who perform a variety of provocation neutralization tests, but the vast majority of these tests have no validity and have never been proven to work scientifically.

References

^ Bernstein IL, Li JT, Bernstein DI, Hamilton R, Spector SL, Tan R, et al. Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:S1-148.
^ Basomba A, Sastre A, Pelaez A, Romar A, Campos A, Garcia-Villalmanzo A. Standardization of the prick test. A comparative study of three methods. Allergy 1985; 40:395-9.
^ Indrajana T, Spieksma FT, Voorhorst R. Comparative study of the intracutaneous, scratch and prick tests in allergy. Ann Allergy 1971; 29:639-50.
^ Olivier CE, Argentão DGP, Santos RAPG, Silva MD, Lima RPS, Zollner RL. Skin scrape test: an inexpensive and painless skin test for recognition of immediate hypersensitivity in children and adults. The Open Allergy Journal 2013; 6:9-17. Link
^ American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology: What is Allergy Testing?, Retrieved on 2010-01-20.
^ Skin Test End-Point Titration at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ Skin Testing and Allergy Injection Treatment for Allergies and Asthma - The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Retrieved on 2010-01-20.
^ Allergy Testing - August 15,2002 - American Family Physician, Retrieved on 2010-01-20.
^ Skin test for Allergy, Retrieved on 2010-01-20.
^ Skin Testing Basic Information, Retrieved on 2010-01-20.

External links

The British Institute for Allergies
About.com - allergy tests
Skin Patches (Allergy Testing)

UpToDate Contents

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1. アレルギー疾患のための皮膚試験の概要 overview of skin testing for allergic disease
2. ペニシリンの皮膚試験 penicillin skin testing
3. 薬物アレルギー患者へのアプローチ an approach to the patient with drug allergy
4. 食物アレルギーの診断的評価 diagnostic evaluation of food allergy
5. ペニシリンアレルギー：即時型過敏反応 penicillin allergy immediate reactions

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Sick building syndrome (SBS) among office workers in a Malaysian university - Associations with atopy, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and the office environment.

Lim FL1, Hashim Z2, Md Said S3, Than LT4, Hashim JH5, Norbäck D6.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Dec 1;536:353-61. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.137. Epub 2015 Jul 28.
There are few studies on sick building syndrome (SBS) including clinical measurements for atopy and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Our aim was to study associations between SBS symptoms, selected personal factors, office characteristics and indoor office exposures among office workers from
PMID 26225741

The clinical utility of basophil activation testing in diagnosis and monitoring of allergic disease.

Hoffmann HJ1, Santos AF2,3,4, Mayorga C5, Nopp A6, Eberlein B7, Ferrer M8, Rouzaire P9, Ebo DG10, Sabato V10, Sanz ML8, Pecaric-Petkovic T11, Patil SU12, Hausmann OV13,14, Shreffler WG12, Korosec P15, Knol EF16.
Allergy.Allergy.2015 Nov;70(11):1393-405. doi: 10.1111/all.12698. Epub 2015 Sep 8.
The basophil activation test (BAT) has become a pervasive test for allergic response through the development of flow cytometry, discovery of activation markers such as CD63 and unique markers identifying basophil granulocytes. Basophil activation test measures basophil response to allergen cross-lin
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Attenuated Allergenic Activity of Ovomucoid After Electrolysis.

Kido J1,2, Matsumoto T3,4,5.
Allergy, asthma & immunology research.Allergy Asthma Immunol Res.2015 Nov;7(6):599-604. doi: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.6.599. Epub 2015 Jul 7.
Ovomucoid (OMC) is the most prominent allergen causing hen's egg allergy, containing disulfide (S-S) bonds that may be responsible for its allergic action. As S-S bonds may be reduced during electrolysis, this study was undertaken to evaluate modulation of the allergic action of OMC after electrolys
PMID 26333707

Japanese Journal

初回摂取時に症状が発現したローヤルゼリーアレルギーの2例

原田晋,森山達哉,田中昭
アレルギー 60(6), 708-713, 2011-06-30
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NSAIDs不耐症による蕁麻疹および血管性浮腫,本邦76例の解析

守屋真希,相原道子,廣田理映,平田祐子,生長奈緒子,高村直子,國見裕子,内田敬久,池澤善郎
アレルギー 60(6), 699-707, 2011-06-30
【背景と目的】NSAIDs不耐症はNSAIDs摂取で蕁麻疹,血管性浮腫,喘息様症状,アナフィラキシー様発作などが誘発される疾患である.喘息を伴わないNSAIDs不耐症患者の臨床的特徴について調査した.【方法】NSAIDs摂取により喘息を伴わず,蕁麻疹や血管性浮腫を生じたNSAIDs不耐症76例(2000-2009年の過去10年間の我が国の報告51例と当科の未報告25例)について調査した.【結果】蕁 …
NAID 110008673092

Latex Anaphylaxis Caused by a Swan-Ganz Catheter

Sekiya Kiyoshi,Watai Kentaro,Taniguchi Masami,Mitsui Chihiro,Fukutomi Yuma,Tanimoto Hidenori,Kawaura Noriyuki,Akiyama Kazuo
Internal Medicine 50(4), 355-357, 2011
… Skin prick tests showed a positive reaction to an extract of latex gloves and an extract of the balloon of a Swan-Ganz catheter. …
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