血清タンパク質電気泳動、血清蛋白電気泳動、血清タンパク電気泳動

WordNet

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode (同)cataphoresis, dielectrolysis, ionophoresis
an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates (同)blood_serum

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蛋白(たんばく)質
リンパ液 / 血清
serial / series / sermon

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/11 08:57:05」(JST)

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Schematic representation of a protein electrophoresis gel

Normal serum protein electrophoresis diagram with legend of different zones.

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is a laboratory test that examines specific proteins in the blood called globulins. Blood must first be collected, usually into an airtight vial or syringe. Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique in which the blood serum (the fluid portion of the blood after the blood has clotted) is placed on special paper treated with agarose gel and exposed to an electric current to separate the serum protein components into five major fractions by size and electrical charge: serum albumin, alpha-1 globulins, alpha-2 globulins, beta globulins, and gamma globulins.

Albumin[edit source | edit]

Albumin is the major fraction in a normal SPEP. A fall of 30% is necessary before the decrease shows on electrophoresis. Usually a single band is seen. Heterozygous individuals may produce bisalbuminaemia - two equally staining bands, the product of two genes. Some variants give rise to a wide band or two bands of unequal intensity but none of these variants is associated with disease. Increased anodic mobility results from the binding of bilirubin, nonesterified fatty acids, penicillin and acetylsalicylic acid, and occasionally from tryptic digestion in acute pancreatitis.

Absence of albumin, known as analbuminaemia, is rare. A decreased level of albumin, however, is common in many diseases, including liver disease, malnutrition, malabsorption, protein-losing nephropathy and enteropathy.

Albumin - Alpha-1 Interzone[edit source | edit]

Even staining in this zone is due to alpha-1 lipoprotein (High density lipoprotein - HDL). Decrease occurs in severe inflammation, acute hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Also, nephrotic syndrome can lead to decrease in albumin level; due to its loss in the urine through a damaged leaky glomerulus. An increase appears in severe alcoholics and in women during pregnancy and in puberty.

The high levels of AFP that may occur in hepatocellular carcinoma may result in a sharp band between the albumin and the alpha-1 zone.

Alpha-1 Zone[edit source | edit]

Orosomucoid and antitrypsin migrate together but orosmucoid stains poorly so alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT) constitutes most of the alpha-1 band. Alpha-1 antitrypsin has an SG group and thiol compounds may be bound to the protein altering their mobility. A decreased band is seen in the deficiency state. It is decreased in the nephrotic syndrome^{[citation needed]} and absence could indicate possible alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. This eventually leads to emphysema from unregulated neutrophil elastase activity in the lung tissue. The alpha-1 fraction does not disappear in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, however, because other proteins, including alpha-lipoprotein and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, also migrate there. As a positive acute phase reactant, AAT is increased in acute inflammation.

Bence Jones protein may bind to and retard the alpha-1 band.

Alpha-1 - Alpha-2 Interzone[edit source | edit]

Two faint bands may be seen representing alpha-1 antichymotrypsin and vitamin D binding protein. These bands fuse and intensify in early inflammation due to an increase in alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, an acute phase protein.

Alpha-2 Zone[edit source | edit]

This zone consists principally of alpha-2 macroglobulin (AMG or A2M) and haptoglobin. There are typically low levels in haemolytic anaemia (haptoglobin is a suicide molecule which binds with free haemoglobin released from red blood cells and these complexes are rapidly removed by phagocytes). Haptoglobin is raised as part of the acute phase response, resulting in a typical elevation in the alpha-2 zone during inflammation. A normal alpha-2 and an elevated alpha-1 zone is a typical pattern in hepatic metastasis and cirrhosis.

Haptoglobin/haemaglobin complexes migrate more cathodally than haptoglobin as seen in the alpha-2 - beta interzone. This is typically seen as a broadening of the alpha-2 zone.

Alpha-2 macroglobulin may be elevated in children and the elderly. This is seen as a sharp front to the alpha-2 band. AMG is markedly raised (10-fold increase or greater) in association with glomerular protein loss, as in nephrotic syndrome. Due to its large size, AMG cannot pass through glomeruli, while other lower-molecular weight proteins are lost. Enhanced synthesis of AMG accounts for its absolute increase in nephrotic syndrome.

AMG is mildly elevated early in the course of diabetic nephropathy.

Alpha-2 - Beta Interzone[edit source | edit]

Cold insoluble globulin forms a band here which is not seen in plasma because it is precipitated by heparin. There are low levels in inflammation and high levels in pregnancy.

Beta lipoprotein forms an irregular crenated band in this zone. High levels are seen in type II hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and in the nephrotic syndrome.

Beta Zone[edit source | edit]

Transferrin and beta-lipoprotein (LDL) comprises the beta-1. Increased beta-1 protein due to the increased level of free transferrin is typical of iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, and oestrogen therapy. Increased beta-1 protein due to LDL elevation occurs in hypercholesterolemia. Decreased beta-1 protein occurs in acute or chronic inflammation.

Beta-2 comprises C3 (Complement protein 3). It is raised in the acute phase response. Depression of C3 occurs in autoimmune disorders as the complement system is activated and the C3 becomes bound to immune complexes and removed from plasma. Fibrinogen, a beta-2 protein, is found in normal plasma but absent in normal serum. Occasionally, blood drawn from heparinized patients does not fully clot, resulting in a visible fibrinogen band between the beta and gamma globulins.

Beta-Gamma Interzone[edit source | edit]

C-Reactive Protein is found in between the beta and gamma zones producing beta/gamma fusion. IgA has the most anodal mobility and migrates in the region between the beta and gamma zones also causing a beta/gamma fusion in patients with cirrhosis, respiratory infection, skin disease, or rheumatiod arthritis (increased IgA).

Gamma Zone[edit source | edit]

The immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE and IgD) are the only proteins present in the normal gamma region, but note that immunoglobulins may be found in the alpha and beta zones. If the gamma zone shows an increase (or spike), the first step in interpreting the graph is to establish if the region is narrow or wide. If it is elevated it could be elevated in a single narrow "spike-like" manner indicating monoclonal gammopathy or a broad "swell-like" manner (wide) indicating polyclonal gammopathy.

Monoclonal Gammopathy - A narrow spike indicates a monoclonal gammopathy, also known as an "M-spike". Typically, a monoclonal gammopathy is malignant or clonal in origin, Myeloma being the most common cause of IgA and IgG spikes. chronic lymphatic leukaemia and lymphosarcoma are not uncommon and usually give rise to IgM paraproteins. Note that up to 8% of healthy geriatric patients may have a monoclonal spike. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia (IgM), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), amyloidosis, plasma cell leukemia and solitary plasmacytomas also produce an M-spike.
Polyclonal Gammopathy - A "swell-like" elevation in the gamma zone indicates a polyclonal gammopathy, which typically indicates a non-neoplastic condition (although is not exclusive to non-neoplastic conditions). The most common causes of polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia detected by electrophoresis are severe infection, chronic liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases.
Hypogammaglobulinaemia - This is easily identifiable as a "slump" or decrease in the gamma zone. It is normal in infants. It is found in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. IgA deficiency occurs in 1:500 of the population, as is suggested by a pallor in the gamma zone.

Lysozyme may be seen as a band cathodal to the slowest gamma in myelomonocytic leukaemia in which it is released from tumour cells. Fibrinogen from plasma samples will be seen in the fast gamma region.

UpToDate Contents

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1. モノクローナル蛋白の認識 recognition of monoclonal proteins
2. 多発性骨髄腫の臨床的特徴、検査所見、および診断 clinical features laboratory manifestations and diagnosis of multiple myeloma
3. ワルデンシュトレーム型マクログロブリン血症の疫学、病因、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations and diagnosis of waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
4. 意義未確定の単クローン性免疫グロブリン血症（MGUS）の診断 diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
5. 免疫グロブリン軽鎖（AL）アミロイドーシス（原発性アミロイドーシス）の臨床像、検査所見、および診断 clinical presentation laboratory manifestations and diagnosis of immunoglobulin light chain al amyloidosis primary amyloidosis

English Journal

Molecularly imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) based cryogel for albumin depletion from human serum.

Andac M, Galaev IY, Denizli A.SourceBiochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2013 Sep 1;109:259-65. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.054. Epub 2013 Apr 17.
Macroporous cryogels imprinted with human serum albumin (HSA) have been prepared by copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with a functional co-monomer of N-methacryloyl-l-phenylalanine. The cryogels were used for the depletion of HSA from human serum. HSA-imprinted cryogels were prepared w
PMID 23668981

Peroxynitrite induced structural changes result in the generation of neo-epitopes on human serum albumin.

Ahmad P, Moinuddin, Ali A.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India.
International journal of biological macromolecules.Int J Biol Macromol.2013 Aug;59:349-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.068. Epub 2013 May 1.
Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant plasma protein, is quite vulnerable to oxidizing and nitrating agents. In this study, peroxynitrite induced nitration and oxidation of HSA was assessed by various physicochemical techniques. Cross-linking of HSA was evident on polyacrylamide gel electroph
PMID 23643627

Japanese Journal

Characterization of associated proteins and phospholipids in natural rubber latex(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Sansatsadeekul Jitlada,Sakdapipanich Jitladda,Rojruthai Porntip
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(6), 628-634, 2011-06
… Non-rubber components present in natural rubber (NR) latex, such as proteins and phospholipids, are presumed to be distributed in the serum fraction as well as surrounding the rubber particle surface. … The phospholipid-protein layers covering the rubber particle surface are especially interesting due to their ability to enhance the colloidal stability of NR latex. …
NAID 110008672806

簡易電気泳動装置を用いたタンパク質分解酵素の働きを観察する実験

森富子
理科教育学研究 51(3), 239-244, 2011-03-10
サブマリン型簡易電気泳動装置を用いて、タンパク質の分解酵素・ペプシンの働きを短時間のうちに、客観的に判定できる実験を開発した。消化される基質タンパク質として、ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)を用い、色素・ブロモフェノールブルー(BPB)を加えることによって、泳動後の染色、脱染の時間を省き、実験時間を短縮することができた。また、電気泳動装置を使うことにより、マイクロスケールの試薬量で、消化酵素の働きを様 …
NAID 110008513431

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リンク元	「血清タンパク電気泳動」「血清タンパク質電気泳動」
関連記事	「electrophoresis」「serum protein」「protein electrophoresis」