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the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode (同)cataphoresis, dielectrolysis, ionophoresis

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/17 15:10:57」(JST)

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Stadia during an ITP separation of a mix of two analytes.

White: leading electrolyte; gray: terminating electrolyte; hatched: the analytes

The "self-sharpening effect" in ITP: due to a difference in electrical field, an ion will move faster when it comes in the previous zone, and slower when it comes in the next zone. Therefore, it will return to its "own" zone. Below the corresponding electrical field for each zone

Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a technique in analytical chemistry used for selective separation and concentration of ionic analytes. It is a form of electrophoresis: charged analytes are separated based on ionic mobility, a factor which tells how fast an ion migrates through an electric field.

In conventional ITP separations, sample is introduced between a zone of "fast" leading electrolyte (LE) and a zone of "slow" terminating (or: trailing) electrolyte (TE). Usually, the LE and the TE have a common counterion, but the coions (having charges with the same sign as the analytes of interest) are different: the LE is defined by coions with high ionic mobility, while the TE is defined by coions with low ionic mobility. The analytes of interest have intermediate ionic mobility. Application of an electric potential results in a low electrical field in the leading electrolyte and a high electrical field in the terminating electrolyte. Analyte ions situated in the TE zone will migrate faster than the surrounding TE coions, while analyte ions situated in the LE will migrate slower; the result is that analytes are focused at the LE/TE interface.

ITP is a displacement method: focusing ions of a certain kind displace other ions. If present in sufficient amounts, focusing analyte ions can displace all electrolyte coions, reaching a plateau concentration. Multiple analytes with sufficiently different ionic mobilities will form multiple plateau zones. Indeed, "plateau mode" ITP separations are readily recognized by stairlike profiles, each plateau of the "stair" representing an electrolyte or analyte zone having (from LE to TE) increasing electric fields and decreasing conductivities. In "peak mode" ITP, analytes amounts are insufficient to reach plateau concentrations, such analytes will focus in sharp Gaussian-like peaks. In peak mode ITP, analyte peaks will strongly overlap, unless so-called spacer compounds are added with intermediate ionic mobilities between those of the analytes; such spacer compounds are able to segregate adjacent analyte zones.

A completed ITP separation is characterized by a dynamic equilibrium in which all coionic zones migrate with equal velocities. From this phenomenon ITP has obtained its name: iso = equal, tachos = speed, phoresis = migration.

Isotachophoresis is exactly equal to the "Steady-State-Stacking" step in Disc Electrophoresis (1959–1964) see Ornstein*.

Transient ITP

A popular form of ITP is transient ITP (tITP). It alleviates the limitation of conventional ITP that it has limited separation capacity because of analyte zone overlap. In transient ITP, analytes are first concentrated by ITP, and then can be baseline separated by zone electrophoresis. Transient ITP is usually accomplished by dissolving the sample in the TE and sandwiching the sample/TE plug between LE zones - or vice versa: a sample/LE plug can also be sandwiched between TE zones. In the first case, analytes are focused at the front TE/LE interface. Meanwhile, the back of the TE plug becomes dissolved in the LE because the faster LE ions overcome the TE ions. When all of the TE ions are dissolved, the focusing process ceases and the analytes are separated according to the principles of zone electrophoresis.

tITP is nowadays more widespread than conventional ITP because it is easily implemented in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations as a preconcentration step, making CE more sensitive while profiting from its powerful separation capacities.

References

Adam, Albert; Schots, Carlo (1980). Biochemical and biological applications of isotachophoresis. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. ISBN 0-444-41891-1.
Ornstein

English Journal

Separation possibilities of three-dimensional capillary electrophoresis.

Mikuš P, Koval' M, Maráková K, Piešt'anský J, Havránek E.SourceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Electronic address: mikus@fpharm.uniba.sk.
Talanta.Talanta.2013 Jan 15;103:294-300. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.047. Epub 2012 Oct 27.
Separation possibilities of three-dimensional (3D) capillary electrophoresis (CE) were studied in this work. They were demonstrated using phthalic acid as a model analyte and human urine as a complex ionic model matrix. Complexity of the selected problem ordering from several facts, such as (i) anal
PMID 23200390

Integration of rapid DNA hybridization and capillary zone electrophoresis using bidirectional isotachophoresis.

Bahga SS, Han CM, Santiago JG.SourceDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, Bldg. 530, Room 225, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. juan.santiago@stanford.edu.
The Analyst.Analyst.2013 Jan 7;138(1):87-90. doi: 10.1039/c2an36249j. Epub 2012 Oct 26.
We present a method for rapid, sequence-specific detection of multiple DNA fragments by integrating isotachophoresis (ITP) based DNA hybridization and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using bidirectional ITP. Our method leverages the high preconcentration ability of ITP to accelerate slow, secon
PMID 23103998

Japanese Journal

Recent Progress of On-line Sample Preconcentration Techniques in Microchip Electrophoresis

Kitagawa Fumihiko,Kawai Takayuki,Sueyoshi Kenji,Otsuka Koji
ANALYTICAL SCIENCES 28(2), 85-93, 2012-02
… The preconcentration techniques utilizing field strength-induced changes in the velocity include field-amplified sample stacking, isotachophoresis and transient-isotachophoresis, whereas those based on chemically induced changes in the velocity are sweeping, transient-trapping and dynamic pH junction. …
NAID 120004996593