WordNet

the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of' (同)neighborhood
the extended spatial location of something; "the farming regions of France"; "religions in all parts of the world"; "regions of outer space" (同)part
a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about; "it was a limited realm of discourse"; "here we enter the region of opinion"; "the realm of the occult" (同)realm
a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
of or relating to a septum (同)septate

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(地理的な)『地域』,『地帯』;(特に広大な)地方 / 《複数形で》(宇宙などの)区分,界,属 / (身体の)部分 / (学問などの)分野,領域 / 《複数形で》(都会から離れた)地方

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/10 09:58:22」(JST)

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The septal nuclei (medial olfactory area) are a set of structures that lie below the rostrum of the corpus callosum, anterior to the lamina terminalis (the layer of gray matter in the brain connecting the optic chiasma and the anterior commissure where the latter becomes continuous with the rostral lamina). The septal nuclei are composed of medium-size neurons which are classified into medial, lateral, and posterior groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, habenula, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. The septal area (medial olfactory area) has no relation to the sense of smell, but it is considered a pleasure zone in animals. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the nucleus accumbens. In the 1950s, Olds & Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly (i.e. press a bar to receive electrical current that will stimulate the neurons).^[1]

Connections with other structures

The dorsal septum projects to the lateral preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus and midline thalamus.

Fibers from the ventral half of the septum project topographically to the hippocampal formation, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Specifically, neurons located along the midline in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca project through the dorsal fornix to all CA fields of the dorsal hippocampus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers from this region project through the stria medullaris to the medial and lateral habenular nuclei, the paratenial and anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and through the medial forebrain bundle to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus.

Cells located in the intermediolateral septum also project through the lateral part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the ventral hippocampus and adjacent subicular and entorhinal cortices. These cells also send fibers through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenular nucleus and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Other axons arising from these cells descend through the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in a region dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus.

The lateral septum is a relay center for connections from the CA3 of the hippocampus to the ventral tegmental area. These connections help link reward signals with the context in which they occur.^[2]

Fibers from the most lateral part of the ventral septum (i.e., bed nucleus of the anterior commissure) project through the stria terminalis to the ventral subiculum. In addition, cells located in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band project massively to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus, the ventral tegmental area, and amygdala.

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "septal%20nuclei" at the BrainMaps project

References

^ Olds, J; Milner, P (December 1954). "Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.". Journal of comparative and physiological psychology 47 (6): 419–27. doi:10.1037/h0058775. PMID 13233369. Retrieved 17 March 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Luo, A. H.; Tahsili-Fahadan, P.; Wise, R. A.; Lupica, C. R.; Aston-Jones, G. (14 July 2011). "Linking Context with Reward: A Functional Circuit from Hippocampal CA3 to Ventral Tegmental Area". Science 333 (6040): 353–357. doi:10.1126/science.1204622. PMC 3150711. PMID 21764750. Retrieved 17 March 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

Neuroanatomy book of mansoura faculty of medicine(Egypt)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

One-stage reconstruction of full-thickness lower eyelid using a Tripier flap lining by a septal mucochondral graft.

Santos G1, Goulão J.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Oct;25(5):446-7. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.768329. Epub 2013 May 6.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent cutaneous neoplasm of the periorbital region. After tumor excision, the function of the eyelid has to be preserved, keeping the protection of the eyeball with preservation of damp, avoiding epiphora and ectropion. The authors describe the reconstructio
PMID 23336755

Comparison of human septal nuclei MRI measurements using automated segmentation and a new manual protocol based on histology.

Butler T1, Zaborszky L2, Pirraglia E3, Li J3, Wang XH4, Li Y3, Tsui W3, Talos D4, Devinsky O4, Kuchna I5, Nowicki K5, French J4, Kuzniecky R4, Wegiel J5, Glodzik L3, Rusinek H3, deLeon MJ3, Thesen T4.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2014 Aug 15;97:245-51. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.026. Epub 2014 Apr 13.
Septal nuclei, located in basal forebrain, are strongly connected with hippocampi and important in learning and memory, but have received limited research attention in human MRI studies. While probabilistic maps for estimating septal volume on MRI are now available, they have not been independently
PMID 24736183

Cortical hypoplasia and ventriculomegaly of p73-deficient mice: Developmental and adult analysis.

Medina-Bolívar C1, González-Arnay E, Talos F, González-Gómez M, Moll UM, Meyer G.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2014 Aug 1;522(11):2663-79. doi: 10.1002/cne.23556. Epub 2014 Apr 3.
Trp73, a member of the p53 gene family, plays a crucial role in neural development. We describe two main phenotypic variants of p73 deficiency in the brain, a severe one characterized by massive apoptosis in the cortex leading to early postnatal death and a milder, non-/low-apoptosis one in which 50
PMID 24500610

Japanese Journal

Midterm Results of the "Sandwich Technique" via a Right Ventricle Incision to Repair Post-Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect

ISODA Susumu,OSAKO Motohiko,KIMURA Tamizo,MASHIKO Yuji,YAMANAKA Nozomu,NAKAMURA Shingo,MAEHARA Tadaaki
Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 18(4), 318-321, 2012-08-01
… Background: Residual shunting and mortality are problems associated with current surgical repair techniques for post-infarction ventricular septal defects.Methods: We describe the mid-term results of the "sandwich technique" to repair a post-infarction ventricular septal defect (VSD), performed via a right ventricle incision. …
NAID 10031034270

Incidence and Characteristics of Far-Field R-Wave Sensing in Low Right Atrial Septum Pacing

MINAMIGUCHI Hitoshi,ABE Haruhiko,KOHNO Ritsuko,OGINOSAWA Yasushi,TAMURA Masahito,TAKEUCHI Masaaki,NAGATOMO Toshihisa,OTSUJI Yutaka
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 76(3), 598-606, 2012-02-25
… Background: Although low atrial septal (LAS) pacing may prevent atrial tachyarrhythmias in selected patients, far-field R-wave (FFRW) sensing in this region seems more likely than in the right atrial appendage. … Conclusions: The prevalence of FFRW sensing in the LAS region was high. …
NAID 10030129755

Successful Catheter Ablation of Mitral Isthmus Related Multiple and Unstable Ventricular Tachycardias after Myocardial Infarction

Kanda Shigetaka,Azegami Koji,Aoyagi Hideshi,Ihara Kensuke,Hatakeyama Yuko,Miwa Naoyuki,Okishige Kaoru
Journal of Arrhythmia 27(Supplement), OP16_2, 2011
… Electroanatonical mapping demonstrated a wide inferior infarct region. … Each pacemaps performed along the septal and lateral aspects of the infarct border reproduced the QRS morphology of LB- and RB-VT, respectively. …
NAID 130002130499