WordNet

be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study"
applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design" (同)work
a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performers technique; "a study in spiccato bowing"
a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study"
someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a quick study"
give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving" (同)consider
learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now" (同)hit the books
think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He is meditating in his study" (同)meditate, contemplate
provide with or construct with studs; "stud the wall"
ornament consisting of a circular rounded protuberance (as on a vault or shield or belt) (同)rivet
poker in which each player receives hole cards and the remainder are dealt face up; bets are placed after each card is dealt (同)stud poker
adult male horse kept for breeding (同)studhorse
a man who is virile and sexually active (同)he-man, macho-man
of or concerned with or related to the future; "prospective earnings"; "a prospective mother"; "a prospective bride"; "the statute is solely prospective in operation"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(一般に)『勉強』,学習すること / 〈C〉(…の)勉強,研究《+of+名》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)『綿密な調査』,検討《+of+名》 / 〈C〉研究対象(問題,事項);学科 / 〈C〉『書斎』,勉強部屋 / 〈C〉(美術・文学などの)習作,試作,スケッチ,(音楽の)練習曲,エチュード / …‘を'『勉強する』,学ぶ,研究する / …‘を'『よく注意して見る』,しげしげと見る / …‘を'『調査する』,検討する / …‘を'考慮する,配慮する / 〈せりふなど〉‘を'覚えようとする / 『勉強する』,学ぶ,研究する
《おもに米》種馬 / 《集合的に》(一群の)繁殖用動物(種馬,種牛など)
(インテリアなどに用いる)飾りびょう / カフスボタン,カラーボタン / (建物の)間柱 / (…を)…‘に'ちりばめる《+名+with+名》 / …‘に'点在(散在)している / …‘に'間柱をつける
未来の,将来の / 予想される,見込みのある

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/10 13:38:16」(JST)

wiki en

A prospective cohort study is a cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.^[1] For example, one might follow a cohort of middle-aged truck drivers who vary in terms of smoking habits, to test the hypothesis that the 20-year incidence rate of lung cancer will be highest among heavy smokers, followed by moderate smokers, and then nonsmokers.

The prospective study is important for research on the etiology of diseases and disorders. The distinguishing feature of a prospective cohort study is that at the time that the investigators begin enrolling subjects and collecting baseline exposure information, none of the subjects have developed any of the outcomes of interest.^[2] After baseline information is collected, subjects in a prospective cohort study are then followed "longitudinally," i.e. over a period of time, usually for years, to determine if and when they become diseased and whether their exposure status changes outcomes. In this way, investigators can eventually use the data to answer many questions about the associations between "risk factors" and disease outcomes. For example, one could identify smokers and non-smokers at baseline and compare their subsequent incidence of developing heart disease. Alternatively, one could group subjects based on their body mass index (BMI) and compare their risk of developing heart disease or cancer. Prospective cohort studies are typically ranked higher in the hierarchy of evidence than retrospective cohort studies^[3] and can be more expensive than a case–control study.^[4]

One of the advantages of prospective cohort studies is they can help determine risk factors for being infected with a new disease because they are a longitudinal observation over time, and the collection of results is at regular time intervals, so recall error is minimized.^[5]^[6]

Examples

Caerphilly Heart Disease Study, UK.
Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging / Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement (CLSA-ÉLCV)
The CARTaGENE cohort / Quebec's largest prospective study , Quebec, Canada
Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, the Philippines
Framingham Heart Study, USA.
Rotterdam Study, Netherlands.
Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study, Bolivia
The UK biobank , UK

References

^ "Definition of prospective cohort study - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms".
^ LaMorte, Wayne. "Prospective and Retrospective Cohort Studies". Boston University College of Public Health. Retrieved Nov 25, 2013.
^ .http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowFulltext&ArtikelNr=235241&ProduktNr=228539
^ Manolio TA, Bailey-Wilson JE, Collins FS (October 2006). "Genes, environment and the value of prospective cohort studies". Nat. Rev. Genet. 7 (10): 812–20. doi:10.1038/nrg1919. PMID 16983377.
^ http://www.answers.com/topic/cohort-study
^ Porta M (editor). A dictionary of epidemiology. 5th. edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Edited by Miquel Porta [1]

This article incorporates public domain material from the U.S. National Cancer Institute document "Dictionary of Cancer Terms".

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English Journal

Comparison of peripheral forearm DXA and clinical risk factor screening using FRAX® to assess the risk of HIV-associated low bone mass: a cross-sectional study.

Short CE1, Shaw SG, Fisher MJ, Gilleece YC, Walker-Bone K.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2014 Dec;9(1):181. doi: 10.1007/s11657-014-0181-4. Epub 2014 May 14.
There is growing awareness that HIV infection is associated with low bone mass and fracture. DXA is a relatively scarce resource. Therefore, we evaluated two tools: peripheral DXA (pDXA) at the forearm and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®) to see which performed best at identifying men who shou
PMID 24847675

Depressive symptoms are not associated with forearm bone accrual during adolescence.

Lourenço S1, Lucas R, da Silva DF, Ramos E, Barros H.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2014 Dec;9(1):173. doi: 10.1007/s11657-014-0173-4. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
Although depression has been associated to worst bone physical properties in adulthood, this study showed that depressive symptoms were not significantly associated to bone mineral density measured at the forearm during adolescence.PURPOSE: Depressive conditions have been related to the reduction of
PMID 24619250

Glucocorticoids predict 10-year fragility fracture risk in a population-based ambulatory cohort of men and women: Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos).

Ioannidis G1, Pallan S, Papaioannou A, Mulgund M, Rios L, Ma J, Thabane L, Davison KS, Josse RG, Kovacs CS, Kreiger N, Olszynski WP, Prior JC, Towheed T, Adachi JD; CaMos Research Group.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2014 Dec;9(1):169. doi: 10.1007/s11657-013-0169-5. Epub 2014 Feb 28.
We determined the prospective 10-year association among incident fragility fractures and four glucocorticoid (GC) treatment groups (Never GC, Prior GC, Baseline GC, and Ever GC). Results showed that GC treatment is associated with increased 10-year incident fracture risk in ambulatory men and women
PMID 24577853