汚染物質、汚染源

関: contaminant、source of pollution

WordNet

waste matter that contaminates the water or air or soil
a substance that contaminates (同)contamination

PrepTutorEJDIC

汚染物質(特に産業廃棄物など)
汚染物質(放射能,毒ガスなど)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/04 07:46:20」(JST)

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Surface runoff, also called nonpoint source pollution, from a farm field in Iowa, United States during a rain storm. Topsoil as well as farm fertilizers and other potential pollutants run off unprotected farm fields when heavy rains occur.

A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the growth rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort, health, or property values. Some pollutants are biodegradable and therefore will not persist in the environment in the long term. However the degradation products of some pollutants are themselves polluting such as the products DDE and DDD produced from degradation of DDT.

Different types of pollutants by absorptive capacity[edit source | edit]

Stock pollutants[edit source | edit]

Pollutants that the environment has little or no absorptive capacity are called stock pollutants^[1] (e.g. persistent synthetic chemicals, non-biodegradable plastics, and heavy metals). Stock pollutants accumulate in the environment over time. The damage they cause increases as more pollutant is emitted, and persists as the pollutant accumulates. Stock pollutants can create a burden for future generations by passing on damage that persists well after the benefits received from incurring that damage have been forgotten.^[1]

Fund pollutants[edit source | edit]

Fund pollutants are those for which the environment has some absorptive capacity. Fund pollutants do not cause damage to the environment unless the emission rate exceeds the receiving environment's absorptive capacity (e.g. carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by plants and oceans).^[1] Fund pollutants are not destroyed, but rather converted into less harmful substances, or diluted/dispersed to non-harmful concentrations.^[1]

Notable pollutants[edit source | edit]

Notable pollutants include the following groups:

Heavy metals
Persistent organic pollutants POP
Environmental Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants EPPP
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Volatile organic compounds
Environmental xenobiotics

Zones of influence[edit source | edit]

Pollutants can also be defined by their zones of influence, both horizontally and vertically.^[1]

Horizontal zone[edit source | edit]

The horizontal zone refers to the area that is damaged by a pollutant. Local pollutants cause damage near the emission source. Regional pollutants cause damage further from the emission source.^[1]

Vertical zone[edit source | edit]

The vertical zone is referred to whether the damage is ground-level or atmospheric. Surface pollutants cause damage by concentrations of the pollutant accumulating near the Earth's surface Global pollutants cause damage by concentrations in the atmosphere

Regulation[edit source | edit]

Main article: Regulation and monitoring of pollution

International[edit source | edit]

Pollutants can cross international borders and therefore international regulations are needed for their control. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which entered into force in 2004, is an international legally binding agreement for the control of persistent organic pollutants. Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTR) are systems to collect and disseminate information on environmental releases and transfers of toxic chemicals from industrial and other facilities.....

European Union[edit source | edit]

The European Pollutant Emission Register is a type of PRTR providing access to information on the annual emissions of industrial facilities in the Member States of the European Union, as well as Norway.

United States[edit source | edit]

Clean Air Act standards. Under the Clean Air Act, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are standards developed for outdoor air quality. The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants are emission standards that are set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which are not covered by the NAAQS.

Clean Water Act standards. Under the Clean Water Act, EPA promulgated national standards for municipal sewage treatment plants, also called publicly owned treatment works, in the Secondary Treatment Regulation.^[2] National standards for industrial dischargers are called Effluent guidelines (for existing sources) and New Source Performance Standards, and currently cover over 50 industrial categories.^[3] In addition, the Act requires states to publish water quality standards for individual water bodies to provide additional protection where the national standards are insufficient.

RCRA standards. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulates the management, transport and disposal of municipal solid waste, hazardous waste and underground storage tanks.^[4]

References[edit source | edit]

Look up pollutant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Tietenberg, T. (2006). Economics of Pollution Control, Chapter 15 in Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, 7th Edition, Pearson, Boston.
^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 133.
^ EPA. "Effluent Limitation Guidelines: Industrial Regulations." Accessed 2010-07-15.
^ U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. P.L. 94-580, 42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq. October 21, 1976. Amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, P.L. 98-616, November 8, 1984.

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English Journal

Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted agar (Ag-g-PAM) and its application as flocculant for wastewater treatment.

Mishra S, Sen G, Rani GU, Sinha S.SourceDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi - 835 215, Jharkhand, India.
International journal of biological macromolecules.Int J Biol Macromol.2011 Nov 1;49(4):591-8. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
Grafting of polyacrylamide (PAM) chains was performed onto the backbone of Agar by microwave assisted method, using microwave radiation in synergism with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the chemical free radical initiator. The intended grafting of the PAM chains were confirmed through intrinsic visc
PMID 21704652

The mechanism of antimony(III) removal and its reactions on the surfaces of Fe-Mn Binary Oxide.

Xu W, Wang H, Liu R, Zhao X, Qu J.SourceResearch Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2011 Nov 1;363(1):320-6. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
Antimony is a regulated pollutant to be well controlled. This study compared the removal capability and mechanisms involved in the removal of Sb(III) by Fe-Mn Binary Oxide (FMBO), ferric hydroxide (FeOOH), and manganese dioxide (MnO(2)). FMBO shows a maximum Sb removal capacity of 1.76mmol/g and was
PMID 21840528

Japanese Journal

Effects of cyclic irrigation on water and nitrogen mass balances in a paddy field

Hama Takehide,Nakamura Kimihito,Kawashima Shigeto,Kaneki Ryoichi,Mitsuno Toru
Ecological Engineering 37(10), 1563-1566, 2011-10
… Cyclic irrigation is considered an effective water management practice for reducing pollutant loads from a paddy-field district. …
NAID 120003290261

Process Performances of 2 ns Pulsed Discharge Plasma

Matsumoto Takao,Wang Douyan,Namihira Takao,Akiyama Hidenori
Jpn J Appl Phys 50(8), 08JF14-08JF14-5, 2011-08-25
… Since pulse duration and the rise time of applied voltage to the discharge electrode has a strong influence on the energy efficiency of pollutant removal, the development of a short-pulse generator is of paramount importance for practical applications. …
NAID 150000057817

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