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a substance that contaminates (同)contamination
waste matter that contaminates the water or air or soil

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汚染物質(放射能,毒ガスなど)
汚染物質(特に産業廃棄物など)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/29 17:01:42」(JST)

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Contamination is the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent (contaminant) in a material, in physical body, in the natural environment, at a workplace, etc.

Specifics

"Contamination" has also more specific meanings in science and in geology:

In chemistry, the term usually describes a single constituent, but in specialized fields the term can also mean chemical mixtures, even up to the level of cellular materials.

All chemicals contain some level of impurity. Contamination may be recognized or not and may become an issue if the impure chemical is mixed with other chemicals or mixtures and causes additional chemical reactions. The additional chemical reactions can sometimes be beneficial, in which case the label ‘contaminant’ is replaced with reactant or catalyst. If the additional reactions are detrimental, other terms are often applied such as toxin, poison or pollutant depending on the chemistry involved. A major fraction of chemistry is involved with identifying, isolating, and studying contaminants.

In environmental chemistry the term is in some cases virtually equivalent to pollution, where the main interest is the harm done on a large scale to humans or to organisms or environments that are important to humans.

In radiation protection the radioactive contamination is radioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable, or the process giving rise to their presence in such places,.^[1]^[2]

Also used less formally to refer to a quantity, namely the activity on a surface (or on a unit area of a surface).

Contamination does not include residual radioactive material remaining at a site after the completion of decommissioning.

The term radioactive contamination may have a connotation that is not intended.

The term radioactive contamination refers only to the presence of radioactivity, and gives no indication of the magnitude of the hazard involved.

See also Environmental monitoring, Radiation monitoring

In food chemistry and medicinal chemistry, the term "contamination" is used to describe harmful intrusions, such as the presence of toxins or pathogens in food or medicinal drugs, see food contaminant.
In forensic science, a contaminant can be complex materials such as hair or skin particles arising from sources not related to the ongoing investigation.
In the biological sciences accidental introduction of "foreign" material ('contamination') can seriously distort the results of experiments where small samples are used. In cases where the contaminant is a living microorganism, it can often multiply and take over the experiment, especially cultures, and render them useless.
In geology and especially geochemistry, it can have similar effects where even a few grains of "modern" dust can distort results of sophisticated experiments.
the term "contamination" is sometimes used to describe accidental transfers of organisms from one natural environment to another.
it has even been used in the "Directed panspermia" hypothesis about the origin of life on Earth, which suggests that visiting aliens accidentally infected the planet with microbes from their own world.^[3]

References

^ International Atomic Energy Agency (2007). IAEA Safety Glossary: Terminology Used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection. Vienna: IAEA. ISBN 92-0-100707-8.
^ International Atomic Energy Agency (2010). Programmes and Systems for Source and Environmental Radiation Monitoring. Safety Reports Series No. 64.. Vienna: IAEA. p. 234. ISBN 978-92-0-112409-8.
^ Crick, F. H.; Orgel, L. E. (1973). "Directed Panspermia". Icarus 19 (3): 341–348. Bibcode:1973Icar...19..341C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3

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English Journal

Acrylamide-forming potential of potatoes grown at different locations, and the ratio of free asparagine to reducing sugars at which free asparagine becomes a limiting factor for acrylamide formation.

Muttucumaru N1, Powers SJ2, Elmore JS3, Dodson A4, Briddon A5, Mottram DS6, Halford NG7.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2017 Apr 1;220:76-86. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.199. Epub 2016 Sep 30.
Acrylamide is produced from free asparagine and reducing sugars during high-temperature cooking and food processing, and potato products are major contributors to dietary acrylamide intake. The present study analysed twenty varieties of potatoes grown at two sites (Doncaster and Woburn) in the Unite
PMID 27855938

Parameter identification for continuous point emission source based on Tikhonov regularization method coupled with particle swarm optimization algorithm.

Ma D1, Tan W2, Zhang Z3, Hu J4.
Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2017 Mar 5;325:239-250. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.071. Epub 2016 Dec 2.
In order to identify the parameters of hazardous gas emission source in atmosphere with less previous information and reliable probability estimation, a hybrid algorithm coupling Tikhonov regularization with particle swarm optimization (PSO) was proposed. When the source location is known, the sourc
PMID 27940113

The cadmium and lead content of the grain produced by leading Chinese rice cultivars.

Xie LH1, Tang SQ1, Wei XJ1, Shao GN1, Jiao GA1, Sheng ZH1, Luo J1, Hu PS2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2017 Feb 15;217:217-24. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.099. Epub 2016 Aug 27.
The cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) content in both white and wholemeal flour milled from 110 leading rice cultivars was assessed. The white flour Cd content ranged from <0.0025 to 0.2530mg/kg (geometric mean (GM)=0.0150mg/kg), while its Pb content ranged from <0.0250 to 0.3830mg/kg (GM=0.0210mg/kg
PMID 27664629