WordNet

place something or someone in a certain position in order to secretly observe or deceive; "Plant a spy in Moscow"; "plant bugs in the dissidents apartment"
(botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion (同)flora, plant life
buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles" (同)works, industrial plant
an actor situated in the audience whose acting is rehearsed but seems spontaneous to the audience
something planted secretly for discovery by another; "the police used a plant to trick the thieves"; "he claimed that the evidence against him was a plant"
put firmly in the mind; "Plant a thought in the students minds" (同)implant
put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground; "Lets plant flowers in the garden" (同)set
place into a river; "plant fish"
an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction
relating to or occurring on the undersurface of the foot; "plantar warts can be very painful"
(of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees

PrepTutorEJDIC

(動物に対して)『植物』,草木・(樹木に対して)『草』,草本(そうほん)( 木部があまり発達せず地上部が一年で枯れる植物)・苗,苗木・生産設備,工場,プラント設備,装置・《俗》(人をおとしいれる)わな,おとり / 〈苗など〉‘を'『植える』,〈種〉‘を'まく・(植物を) ‘に'植える《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)〈思想など〉‘を'植えつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》・《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所)…‘を'しっかりと置く(すえる,立てる) / ・〈工場・生産設備など〉‘を'建設する・《俗》〈スパイ〉‘を'送りこむ,〈わな〉‘を'仕掛ける・（嫌疑がかかるように）こっそり置く
反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の
足の裏の,足底の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/11 10:47:15」(JST)

wiki en

The plantar reflex is a reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. The reflex can take one of two forms. In normal adults the plantar reflex causes a downward response of the hallux (flexion). An upward response (extension) of the hallux is known as the Babinski response or Babinski sign, named after the neurologist Joseph Babinski. The presence of the Babinski sign can identify disease of the spinal cord and brain in adults, and also exists as a primitive reflex in infants.^[1]^[2]

Methods

Pathological Babinski's sign in adult

The lateral side of the sole of the foot is rubbed with a blunt instrument or device so as not to cause pain, discomfort, or injury to the skin; the instrument is run from the heel along a curve to the toes^[3] (metatarsal pads). Many reflex hammers taper at the end of the handle to a point which was used for testing the plantar response in the past, however, due to the tightening of infection control regulation this is no longer recommended. Either a single use orange stick or the thumb nail should be used.

There are three responses possible:

Flexor: the toes curve down and inwards, and the foot everts; this is the response seen in healthy adults.
Indifferent: there is no response.
Extensor: the hallux dorsiflexes, and the other toes fan out; this is Babinski's sign, which indicates damage to the central nervous system.

As the lesion responsible for the sign expands, so does the area from which the afferent Babinski response may be elicited. The Babinski response is also normal while asleep and after a long period of walking.

Interpretation

Babinski's sign in a healthy newborn

The Babinski sign can indicate upper motor neuron lesion constituting damage to the corticospinal tract. Occasionally, a pathological plantar reflex is the first and only indication of a serious disease process and a clearly abnormal plantar reflex often prompts detailed neurological investigations, including CT scanning of the brain or MRI of the spine, as well as lumbar puncture for the study of cerebrospinal fluid.

The phrase "negative Babinski sign" is sometimes used for the normal flexor plantar response.^[4]

In infants

Infants will also show an extensor response. A baby's smaller toes will fan out and their big toe will dorsiflex slowly. This happens because the corticospinal pathways that run from the brain down the spinal cord are not fully myelinated at this age, so the reflex is not inhibited by the cerebral cortex. The extensor response disappears and gives way to the flexor response around 12 to 24 months of age.

Negative or diminished response of plantar reflex during early infancy is highly suggestive of neurologic abnormalities, especially for spasticity. Infants with such findings need careful observation for possible development of neurologic abnormalities.^[5]

Pathways

Afferent: Nociception detected in the S1 dermatome and travels up the tibial nerve to the sciatic nerve to roots of L5,S1 and synapse in the anterior horn to elicit the motor response. Efferent: Motor response back through the L5,S1 roots to the sciatic nerve to its bifurcation. Toe flexors are innervated by the tibial nerve. Toe extensors (extensor hallicus longus, extensor digitorum longus) are innervated by the deep peroneal nerve. Loss of normal adult descending pyramidal control of the reflex arc to suppress extensor withdrawal results in the upgoing toes in the plantar reflex known as Babinski's sign.^[6]

Relationship to Hoffmann's reflex

The Hoffmann's reflex is sometimes described as the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski sign^[7] because both indicate upper motor neuron dysfunction. Mechanistically, they differ significantly; the finger flexor reflex is a simple monosynaptic spinal reflex involving the flexor digitorum profundus that is normally fully inhibited by upper motor neurons. The pathway producing the plantar response is more complicated, and is not monosynaptic. This difference has led some^[who?] neurologists to reject strongly any analogies between the finger flexor reflex and the plantar response.^{[citation needed]}

Babinski-like responses

The plantar reflex can be elicited in a number of ways, which were described in the late 19th and early 20th century. These have their own eponyms.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Bing sign – multiple pinpricks on the dorsum of the foot
Cornell sign – scratching along the inner side of the extensor hallucis longus tendon
Chaddock sign – stroking the lateral malleolus
Gonda sign – flexing and suddenly releasing the 4th toe
Gordon sign – squeezing the calf muscle
Moniz sign – forceful passive plantar flexion of the ankle
Oppenheim sign – applying pressure to the medial side of the tibia
Schaeffer sign – squeezing the Achilles tendon
Silva sign – pinching the rectus femoris muscle^[10]
Stransky sign – vigorously abducting and suddenly releasing the little toe
Strümpell sign – patient attempts to flex the knee against resistance
Throckmorton reflex – percussion over the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe

Abnormal reflex seen as flexion of toes

Bekhterev-Mendel reflex – flexion of the 2nd to 5th toes on percussion of the dorsum of the foot
Rossolimo sign – exaggerated flexion of the toes induced by rapid percussion on the tips of the toes

References

^ synd/366 at Who Named It?
^ Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 48, 1896, p. 207
^ "plantar reflex" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Larner, A. J. (2006). A Dictionary of Neurological Signs. Springer. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-387-26214-7.
^ Futagi, Y; Suzuki, Y; Goto, M (February 1999). "Clinical significance of plantar grasp response in infants.". Pediatric neurology 20 (2): 111–5. PMID 10082338.
^ Futagi, Y; Suzuki, Y (August 2010). "Neural mechanism and clinical significance of the plantar grasp reflex in infants.". Pediatric neurology 43 (2): 81–6. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.04.002. PMID 20610116.
^ Harrop JS, Hanna A, Silva MT, Sharan A (2007). "Neurological manifestations of cervical spondylosis: an overview of signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology". Neurosurgery 60 (1 Supp1 1): S14–20. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000215380.71097.EC. PMID 17204875.
^ Kumar, SP; Ramasubramanian, D (December 2000). "The Babinski sign--a reappraisal.". Neurology India 48 (4): 314–8. PMID 11146592.
^ Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Schlossberg, J. Willis Hurst; illustrations by Leon; Boyter, Charles H. (1990). "Chapter 73 The Plantar Reflex". In Walker, H. Kenneth. Clinical methods : the history, physical, and laboratory examinations (3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-90077-X. Table 73.1 Variants of the Babinski Sign
^ ^a ^b Silva Rosas, Carlos (2013). Semiología y Fundamentos de la Neurología Clínica (First ed.). AMOLCA. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-958-8760-73-5.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 新生児の神経学的検査 neurologic examination of the newborn
2. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
3. 幼児および小児における精密な神経学的評価 detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children
4. 前頭側頭型認知症：臨床的特徴および診断 frontotemporal dementia clinical features and diagnosis
5. 脳性麻痺の診断および分類 diagnosis and classification of cerebral palsy

English Journal

Maintenance of cutaneomuscular neuronal excitability after leg-cycling predicts lower limb muscle strength after incomplete spinal cord injury.

Piazza S1, Gómez-Soriano J2, Bravo-Esteban E3, Torricelli D4, Avila-Martin G5, Galan-Arriero I6, Pons JL7, Taylor J8.
Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.Clin Neurophysiol.2016 Jun;127(6):2402-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.007. Epub 2016 Mar 16.
OBJECTIVE: Controlled leg-cycling modulates H-reflex activity after spinal cord injury (SCI). Preserved cutaneomuscular reflex activity is also essential for recovery of residual motor function after SCI. Here the effect of a single leg-cycling session was assessed on cutaneomuscular-conditioned H-r
PMID 27178859

Noxious heat threshold temperature and pronociceptive effects of allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil) in TRPV1 or TRPA1 gene-deleted mice.

Tékus V1, Horváth Á1, Hajna Z1, Borbély É1, Bölcskei K1, Boros M1, Pintér E2, Helyes Z3, Pethő G4, Szolcsányi J2.
Life sciences.Life Sci.2016 Jun 1;154:66-74. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.030. Epub 2016 Apr 25.
AIMS: To investigate the roles of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels in baseline and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)-evoked nociceptive responses by comparing wild-type and gene-deficient mice.MAIN METHODS: In contrast to conventional methods of thermonociception measuring reflex latencies, we used our novel meth
PMID 27126699

Effect of cooling foot sole skin receptors on achilles tendon reflex.

Germano AM1, Schlee G1, Milani TL1.
Muscle & nerve.Muscle Nerve.2016 Jun;53(6):965-71. doi: 10.1002/mus.24994. Epub 2016 Apr 26.
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated whether a controlled reduction of foot sole temperature affects the Achilles tendon stretch reflex and plantar flexion. Methods Five stretch reflexes in 52 healthy subjects were evoked by Achilles tendon taps. Short latency responses of 3 muscles of the lower li
PMID 27113729

Japanese Journal

バビンスキー : 神経症候学への貢献 (特集神経症候学は神経学の"魂"である)

Brain and nerve : 神経研究の進歩 66(11), 1279-1286, 2014-11
NAID 40020276324

前頭葉に病変が及んだ非ヘルペス性急性辺縁系脳炎の1例

東京女子医科大学雑誌 84(E1), E197-E203, 2014-01-31
NAID 110009752578

一側股関節屈曲角度の変化が対側足関節底屈筋力に与える影響

PNFリサーチ = PNF research : 日本PNF研究会会誌 14(1), 47-51, 2014
NAID 40020099982

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「足底反射」
関連記事	「plant」「reflex」「plantar」「planta」

「足底反射」

Plantar reflex; Babinski response/Babinski sign (pathological)
	Diagnostics
	The reflex occurs upon stroking of the sole of the foot with a sharp object such as a pen. If the reflex occurs in adults as illustrated at bottom it may be due to nerve damage or disease.
ICD-9-CM	796.1
MedlinePlus	003294
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: plantar reflex (M), sole reflex
関: 屈曲性足底反射、伸展性足底反射。手掌把握反射

関与する神経

第4,5腰神経、第1,第2仙骨神経根

検査方法

足底の外側部を踵→母趾の底までなぞる

消失時期

独歩開始前(9ヶ月) (SPE.15)

臨床関連

バビンスキー反射

「plant」

　　[★]

n.

植物、プラント

関: phyto

「reflex」

　　[★]

n.

反射

関: reflect、reflection、reflective

「plantar」

　　[★]

足底の

関: plantaris、sole

「planta」

　　[★]

n.

- 植物体

関: in planta

[1] synd/366 at Who Named It?

[2] Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, Vol. 48, 1896, p. 207

[3] "plantar reflex" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[Larner2006-4] Larner, A. J. (2006). A Dictionary of Neurological Signs. Springer. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-387-26214-7.

[5] Futagi, Y; Suzuki, Y; Goto, M (February 1999). "Clinical significance of plantar grasp response in infants.". Pediatric neurology 20 (2): 111–5. PMID 10082338.

[6] Futagi, Y; Suzuki, Y (August 2010). "Neural mechanism and clinical significance of the plantar grasp reflex in infants.". Pediatric neurology 43 (2): 81–6. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.04.002. PMID 20610116.

[7] Harrop JS, Hanna A, Silva MT, Sharan A (2007). "Neurological manifestations of cervical spondylosis: an overview of signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology". Neurosurgery 60 (1 Supp1 1): S14–20. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000215380.71097.EC. PMID 17204875.

[pmid11146592-8] Kumar, SP; Ramasubramanian, D (December 2000). "The Babinski sign--a reappraisal.". Neurology India 48 (4): 314–8. PMID 11146592.

[9] Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Schlossberg, J. Willis Hurst; illustrations by Leon; Boyter, Charles H. (1990). "Chapter 73 The Plantar Reflex". In Walker, H. Kenneth. Clinical methods : the history, physical, and laboratory examinations (3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-90077-X. Table 73.1 Variants of the Babinski Sign

[Silva-10] Silva Rosas, Carlos (2013). Semiología y Fundamentos de la Neurología Clínica (First ed.). AMOLCA. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-958-8760-73-5.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

plantar reflex