全フッ素置換化合物
- 関
- perfluorochemical、PFC
WordNet
- create by mixing or combining
- (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight (同)chemical_compound
- put or add together; "combine resources" (同)combine
- an enclosure of residences and other building (especially in the Orient)
- a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
- combine so as to form a whole; mix; "compound the ingredients" (同)combine
- calculate principal and interest
- composed of more than one part; "compound leaves are composed of several lobes; "compound flower heads"
- consisting of two or more substances or ingredients or elements or parts; "soap is a compound substance"; "housetop is a compound word"; "a blackberry is a compound fruit"
- combined into or constituting a chemical compound
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (…になるように)〈要素・成分など〉'を'混ぜ合わせる《+『名』+『into』+『名』》;(…から)〈薬など〉'を'調合する,混ぜ合わせて作る《+『名』+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《しばしば受動態で》〈めんどうな事・損害など〉'を'もっとひどくする / 〈利子〉'を'複利で計算する / (…と)話し合いをつける,妥協する《+『with』+『名』》 / 複合の,合成の / 『合成物』,混合物,調合物;化合物 / 複合語,合成語(classroom, heart-to-heartなどをいう)
- (異民族の家屋・商館などがある)囲み地区,構内
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/05/21 01:29:17」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
A perfluorinated compound (PFC) is an organofluorine compound containing only carbon-fluorine bonds (no C-H bonds) and C-C bonds but also other heteroatoms. PFCs have properties that represent a blend of fluorocarbons (containing only C-F and C-C bonds) and the parent functionalized organic species. For example, perfluorooctanoic acid functions as a carboxylic acid but with strongly altered surfactant and hydrophobic characteristics.[1]
Contents
- 1 Applications
- 2 Classes of PFCs by functional group
- 2.1 Perfluorinated alkyl and aryl halides
- 2.2 Fluorochloroalkenes
- 2.3 Perfluoroethers and epoxides
- 2.4 Perfluoroalcohols
- 2.5 Perfluoroamines
- 2.6 Perfluoroketones
- 2.7 Perfluorocarboxylic acids
- 2.8 Perfluoronitriles and isonitriles
- 2.9 Perfluorosulfonic acids and related derivatives
- 2.10 Perfluorinated aryl borates
- 3 Environmental and health concerns
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Applications
Many perfluorinated compounds are useful. For example, fluorosurfactants powerfully reduce surface tension by concentrating at the liquid-air interface due to the lipophobicity of fluorocarbons, due to the polar functional group added to the fluorocarbon chain. Other groups or atoms for fluorocarbon based compounds the oxygen atom incorporated into an ether group for anesthetics, and the chlorine atom for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). In a sharp contrast to true fluorocarbons, the chlorine atom produces a chlorine radical which degrades ozone. Fluorosurfactants are widely used in the production of teflon and related fluorinated polymers. They have also been used to confer hydrophobic, stain-resisting properties to fabrics.
Classes of PFCs by functional group
Representative members of this large family of compounds are listed below. Also numerous are compounds that contain many fluoride centers but also some hydrogen, e.g., trifluoroethanol.
Perfluorinated alkyl and aryl halides
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- Trifluoroiodomethane, an alkylating agent
- Pentafluoroethyl iodide, an alkylating agent
- Perfluorooctyl bromide (perflubron) is a contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging, computer tomography and sonography. It has also been used in liquid breathing.
- Dichlorodifluoromethane, refrigerant
Fluorochloroalkenes
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- Chlorotrifluoroethylene, monomer
- Dichlorodifluoroethylene (three isomers), monomers
Perfluoroethers and epoxides
Main article: Fluoroether
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- hexafluoropropylene oxide , precursor to perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (CF2=CFOCF3), a useful monomer
- Krytox, perfluorinated polyether used in special greases
Perfluoroalcohols
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- Pentafluorophenol, a moderately strong acid
Perfluorinated alcohols are unstable with respect to dehydrofluorination.
Perfluoroamines
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- Perfluorotripentylamine (and related derivatives) are found in Fluorinert, electronic coolants.
Perfluoroketones
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- Hexafluoroacetone, building block in organofluorine chemistry.
Perfluorocarboxylic acids
Main article: Perfluorinated carboxylic acid
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- Trifluoroacetic acid, a moderately strong acid useful in organic chemistry
- Heptafluorobutyric acid, a moderately strong acid that is useful in organic and analytical chemistry
- Pentafluorobenzoic acid, a moderately strong acid of interest in research community
- perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), surfactant used to make fluoropolymers such as Teflon
- perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers, like PFOA.
Perfluoronitriles and isonitriles
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- Trifluoromethylisocyanide, the simplest perfluorinated isonitrile.
- Trifluoromethylacetonitrile, the simplest perfluorinated nitrile
Perfluorosulfonic acids and related derivatives
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- Triflic acid, a useful strong acid
- perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) used as a replacement for PFOS in 3M's reformulated Scotchgard.
- perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF), precursor to PFOS-based compounds.
- perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), used in 3M's Scotchgard formulation.
- perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS,) used in the semiconductor industry, 3M's former Scotchgard formulation, and 3M's former fire-fighting foam mixture.
Perfluorinated aryl borates
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- Na[B(C6F5)4], salt of a weakly coordinating anion.
Environmental and health concerns
Despite the presence of some natural fluorocarbons such as tetrafluoromethane, which has been reported in rocks,[2] man-made fluorocarbons are potent greenhouse gases.
Certain fluorocarbons tend to bioaccumulate, since they are extremely stable and can be stored in the bodies of both humans and animals. Examples of fluorocarbons include PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), frequently present in water resistant textiles and sprays conferring water resistant properties to textiles.[3] Data from animal studies of PFOA indicate that it can cause several types of tumors and neonatal death and may have toxic effects on the immune, liver, and endocrine systems. Data on the human health effects of PFOA are however sparse.[4]
The fluorocarbon, PFOA and PFOS have both been subject for numerous investigations by the EU and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding them being harmful to the environment.[3]
See also
- Fluorosurfactants
- Fluorocarbons
References
- ^ Günter Siegemund, Werner Schwertfeger, Andrew Feiring, Bruce Smart, Fred Behr, Herward Vogel, Blaine McKusick "Fluorine Compounds, Organic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349
- ^ Murphy CD, Schaffrath C, O'Hagan D.: "Fluorinated natural products: the biosynthesis of fluoroacetate and 4-fluorothreonine in Streptomyces cattleya" Chemosphere. 2003 Jul;52(2):455-61.
- ^ a b US Environmental Protection Agency. "FAQ". Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Fluorinated Telomers. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ Steenland, Kyle; Fletcher, Tony; Savitz, David A. (2010). "Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)". Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (8): 1100–8. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901827. PMC 2920088. PMID 20423814. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
Health issues of plastics and Polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs)
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Plasticizers: Phthalates |
- DIBP
- DBP
- BBP (BBzP)
- DIHP
- DEHP (DOP)
- DIDP
- DINP
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Miscellaneous plasticizers |
- Organophosphates
- Adipates (DEHA
- DOA)
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Monomers |
- Bisphenol A (BPA, in Polycarbonates)
- Vinyl chloride (in PVC)
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Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs |
- PBDEs
- PCBs
- Organotins
- PFCs
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Health issues |
- Teratogen
- Carcinogen
- Endocrine disruptor
- Diabetes
- Obesity
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Miscellanea |
- PVC
- Plastic recycling
- Plastic bottle
- Vinyl chloride
- Dioxins
- Polystyrene
- Foam food container
- PTFE (Teflon)
- California Proposition 65
- List of environmental health hazards
- Persistent organic pollutant
- European REACH regulation
- Japan Toxic Substances Law
- Toxic Substances Control Act
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Fate of a broad spectrum of perfluorinated compounds in soils and biota from Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica.
- Llorca M, Farré M, Tavano MS, Alonso B, Koremblit G, Barceló D.SourceDepartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
- Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987).Environ Pollut.2012 Apr;163:158-66. Epub 2012 Jan 12.
- In this study, the presence of 18 perfluorinated compounds was investigated in biota and environmental samples from the Antarctica and Tierra de Fuego, which were collected during a sampling campaign carried out along February and March 2010. 61 samples were analysed including fish, superficial soil
- PMID 22325444
- Distribution of perfluorinated compounds in Yellow-legged gull eggs (Larus michahellis) from the Iberian Peninsula.
- Vicente J, Bertolero A, Meyer J, Viana P, Lacorte S.SourceDepartment of Environmental Chemistry, Insitute of Environmental Diagnostics and Water Studies, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2012 Feb 1;416:468-75. Epub 2011 Dec 29.
- This study is aimed to evaluate the presence and distribution of Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Yellow-legged gull eggs (Larus michahellis) collected from 8 National or Natural Parks from the Iberian Peninsula. In each colony, 12 eggs were randomly collected and pooled from 3 areas of the colony
- PMID 22209369
Japanese Journal
- 田原 るり子,山口 高志
- 環境化学 24(1), 11-17, 2014
- … A survey of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) deposition during winter was performed at rural areas and hinterlands in Hokkaido (9 points). … PFBA was the dominant compound, and PFOA and PFNA were also detected. …
- NAID 130004691312
- Levels and profiles of long-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids in human breast milk and infant formulas in East Asia.
- Fujii Yukiko,Yan Junxia,Harada Kouji H,Hitomi Toshiaki,Yang Hyeran,Wang Peiyu,Koizumi Akio
- Chemosphere 86(3), 315-321, 2012-01
- … PFOA was the predominant compound and was detected in more than 60% of samples in all three countries. … The median PFOA concentrations were 89pgmL(-1) (48% of total perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (C8-C13)) in Japan, 62pgmL(-1) (54%) in Korea, and 51pgmL(-1) (61%) in China. …
- NAID 120003779162
- 1D06 キュービック相を示す、全フッ素置換鎖をもつポリカテナー化合物の圧力下の相挙動(トピカルセッション-ソフトマターと液晶-, 2005年日本液晶学会討論会)
- 前田 洋治,西川 悦吏,米谷 慎,山本 潤,横山 浩
- 日本液晶学会討論会講演予稿集 (2005), 83-84, 2005-09-05
- NAID 110004617485
Related Links
- References for "Perfluorinated compound" im Internet, an Universitäten und in der Literatur... cyclopaedia.net ... According to a report released by Environmental Health News, a recent study of US drinking water utilities across the ...
- A perfluorinated compound (PFC) is an organofluorine compound with all hydrogens replaced by fluorine on a carbon chain—but the molecule also contains at least one different atom or functional group. Thus, PFCs have properties ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
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[★]
- 英
- perfluorochemical、perfluorinated compound、PFC
-PFC
- 同
- persistent fetal circulatior syndrome
[★]
- 関
- perfluorinated compound、PFC
[★]
- 関
- combination、compositus、mixture
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全フッ素置換された
- 関
- perfluoro