過塩素酸

関: HClO、perchlorate

WordNet

a salt of perchloric acid
street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"

PrepTutorEJDIC

酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/11 18:35:00」(JST)

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Perchloric acid is an inorganic compound with the formula HClO₄. Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric and nitric acid. It is a powerful oxidizer when hot, but its aqueous solutions up to approximately 70% and room temperature are generally safe, only showing strong acid features and no oxidizing properties. Perchloric acid is useful for preparing perchlorate salts, especially ammonium perchlorate, an important rocket fuel. Overall, perchloric acid is dangerously corrosive and readily forms potentially explosive mixtures.

Production

Perchloric acid is produced industrially by two routes. The traditional method exploits the high aqueous solubility of sodium perchlorate (209 g/100 mL of water at room temperature). Treatment of such solutions with hydrochloric acid gives perchloric acid, precipitating solid sodium chloride:

NaClO₄ + HCl → NaCl + HClO₄

The concentrated acid can be purified by distillation. The alternative route, which is more direct and avoids salts, entails anodic oxidation of aqueous chlorine at a platinum electrode.^[4]^[5]

Laboratory preparations

Treatment of barium perchlorate with sulfuric acid precipitates barium sulfate, leaving perchloric acid. It also be made by mixing nitric acid with ammonium perchlorate. The reaction gives nitrous oxide and perchloric acid due to a concurrent reaction involving the ammonium ion.

Properties

Anhydrous perchloric acid is an unstable oily liquid at room temperature. It forms at least five hydrates, several of which have been characterized crystallographically. These solids consist of the perchlorate anion linked via hydrogen bonds to H₂O and H₃O⁺ centers^[6] Perchloric acid forms an azeotrope with water, consisting of about 72.5% perchloric acid. This form of the acid is stable indefinitely and is commercially available. Such solutions are hygroscopic. Thus, if left open to the air, concentrated perchloric acid dilutes itself by absorbing water from the air.

Dehydration of perchloric acid gives the anhydride dichlorine heptoxide, which is even more dangerous:^[7]

2 HClO₄ + P₄O₁₀ → Cl₂O₇ + "H₂P₄O₁₁"

Uses

Perchloric acid is mainly produced as a precursor to ammonium perchlorate, which is used in rocket fuel. The growth in rocketry has led to increased production of perchloric acid. Several million kilograms are produced annually.^[4] Perchloric acid is one of the most proven materials for etching of liquid crystal displays and critical electronics applications as well as ore extraction and has unique properties in analytical chemistry.^[8] Additionally it is a useful component in etching of chrome^[9]

As an acid

Perchloric acid, a superacid, is one of the strongest Brønsted-Lowry acids. Its pK_a is −10.^[10] It provides strong acidity with minimal interference because perchlorate is weakly nucleophilic (explaining the high acidity of HClO₄). Other acids of noncoordinating anions, such as fluoroboric acid and hexafluorophosphoric acid are susceptible to hydrolysis, whereas perchloric acid is not. Despite hazards associated with the explosiveness of its salts, the acid is often preferred in certain syntheses.^[11] For similar reasons, it is a useful eluent in ion-exchange chromatography.

It is also used for electropolishing/etching of aluminum, molybdenum, and other metals.

Safety

Given its strong oxidizing properties, perchloric acid is subject to extensive regulations.^[12] It is highly reactive with metals (e.g., aluminium) and organic matter (wood, plastics). On February 20, 1947, in Los Angeles California, 17 people were killed and 150 injured when a bath, consisting of over 1000 litres of 75% perchloric acid and 25% acetic anhydride by volume, exploded. The plant, 25 other buildings and 40 automobiles were obliterated and 250 nearby homes were damaged. The bath was being used to electro-polish aluminum furniture. In addition, organic compounds were added to the overheating bath when an iron rack was replaced with one coated with cellulose acetobutyrate (Tenit-2 plastic). A few minutes later the bath exploded.^[13]^[14]

Work conducted with perchloric acid must be conducted in fume hoods with a wash-down capability to prevent accumulation of oxidisers in the ductwork.

References

^ Samuel Fomon. Medicine and the Allied Sciences 1. p. 148.
^ Safety data for concentrated perchloric acid, ca. 70% msds.chem.ox.ac.uk
^ Handling of Perchloric acid ameslab.gov
^ ^a ^b Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483.
^ Müler, W.; Jönck, P. (1963). "Herstellung von Perchlorsäure durch anodische Oxydation von Chlor". Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 35 (2): 78. doi:10.1002/cite.330350203. edit; German patent DE1031288B; US patent US2846383A
^ Almlöf, Jan; Lundgren, Jan O.; Olovsson, Ivar "Hydrogen Bond Studies. XLV. Crystal structure of perchloric acid 2.5 hydrate" Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry 1971, volume 27, pp. 898-904.doi:10.1107/S0567740871003236
^ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Translated by Mary Eagleson, William Brewer. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 464. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
^ http://www.gfschemicals.com/statics/coreproducts/Perchloric_acid.html
^ http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/microeng/processing/etching/metal.etch.html
^ Cite error: The named reference CRC_Press was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ A. T. Balaban, C. D. Nenitzescu, K. Hafner and H. Kaiser (1973). "2,4,6-Trimethylpyrilium Perchlorate". Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. 5, p. 1106
^ Perchloric Acid, 60%, GR Material Safety Data Sheet Seton Resource Center
^ R. C. Nester; G. F. Vander Voort (1992). Safety in the Metallographic Laboratory. ASTM Standardization News. p. 34.
^ "CALIFORNIA: The Amazing Brew". Time.com. March 3, 1947.

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 1006

v t e Salts and the ester of the Perchlorate ion
HClO₄																	He
LiClO₄	Be(ClO₄)₂											B(ClO₄)₄⁻	ROClO₃	N(ClO₄)₃ NH₄ClO₄	O	FClO₄	Ne
NaClO₄	Mg(ClO₄)₂											Al(ClO₄)₃	Si	P	S	ClO₄⁻ ClOClO₃ Cl₂O₇	Ar
KClO₄	Ca(ClO₄)₂	Sc(ClO₄)₃	Ti(ClO₄)₄	VO(ClO₄)₃	Cr(ClO₄)₃	Mn(ClO₄)₂	Fe(ClO₄)₃	Co(ClO₄)₂, Co(ClO₄)₃	Ni(ClO₄)₂	Cu(ClO₄)₂	Zn(ClO₄)₂	Ga(ClO₄)₃	Ge	As	Se	Br	Kr
RbClO₄	Sr(ClO₄)₂	Y	Zr	Nb	Mo	Tc	Ru	Rh	Pd(ClO₄)₂	AgClO₄	Cd(ClO₄)₂	In	Sn	Sb	Te	I	Xe
CsClO₄	Ba(ClO₄)₂		Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg₂(ClO₄)₂, Hg(ClO₄)₂	Tl(ClO₄)₃	Pb(ClO₄)₂	Bi(ClO₄)₃	Po	At	Rn
Fr	Ra		Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg	Cn	Uut	Fl	Uup	Lv	Uus	Uuo
		↓
		La	Ce(ClO₄)_x	Pr	Nd	Pm	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu
		Ac	Th	Pa	UO₂(ClO₄)₂	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr

UpToDate Contents

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1. 先天性代謝異常：代謝性救急疾患 inborn errors of metabolism metabolic emergencies
2. アミオダロンと甲状腺機能障害 amiodarone and thyroid dysfunction
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4. 甲状腺ホルモンの合成および生理 thyroid hormone synthesis and physiology
5. 甲状腺ホルモンの作用 thyroid hormone action

English Journal

Sample preparation for the metabolomics investigation of poly-gamma-glutamate-producing Bacillus licheniformis by GC-MS.

Li X, Long D, Ji J, Yang W, Zeng Z, Guo S, Ji Z, Qi G, Chen S.SourceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
Journal of microbiological methods.J Microbiol Methods.2013 Jul;94(1):61-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.04.006. Epub 2013 Apr 28.
Metabolomics aims to analyze global intracellular metabolites of organisms. To study the intracellular metabolites of poly-γ-glutamate-producing Bacillus licheniformis, the quenching and extraction conditions were assessed and optimized. It indicated that perchloric acid was an appropriate quenchin
PMID 23628234

Reduction of some Pt(iv) complexes with biologically important sulfur-donor ligands.

Jovanović S, Petrović B, Bugarčić ZD, van Eldik R.SourceDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, P. O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. bugarcic@kg.ac.rs.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2013 Jun 28;42(24):8890-6. doi: 10.1039/c3dt50751c. Epub 2013 May 9.
The reduction of the Pt(iv) complexes [PtCl4(bipy)], [PtCl4(dach)] and [PtCl4(en)] by glutathione (GSH), l-cysteine (l-Cys) and l-methionine (l-Met) was investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry at pH 2.0 (in 0.01 M perchloric acid) and at pH 7.2 (in 25 mM Hepes buffer). Kinetic measurements we
PMID 23657491

A rapid and reliable method for the quantitation of hydroxychloroquine in serum using turbulent flow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Füzéry AK, Breaud AR, Emezienna N, Schools S, Clarke WA.SourceThe Johns Hopkins University Department of Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.Clin Chim Acta.2013 Jun 5;421:79-84. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.02.018. Epub 2013 Feb 26.
BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine is routinely used in managing systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Whole blood levels are currently measured in the laboratory but at least one study suggests that serum levels may be equally useful. Moreover, serum samples are the preferred matrix ty
PMID 23485647

Japanese Journal

焼成汚泥肥料中のクロム測定 : 共同試験成績

顯谷久典,木村康晴,竹葉佳己
肥料研究報告 (5), 41-47, 2012
NAID 40019562525

HPLC及びLC-MSを用いたきのこ4種中のプリン体プロファイリング

稲沢克紀,山岡法子,稲川覚子,安田誠,馬渡健一,中込和哉,久留一郎,金子希代子
痛風と核酸代謝 = Gout and nucleic acid
きのこ4種に含まれるプリン体をHPLCとLCMSを用いて測定し，プリン体プロファイリング（分子種別分類）を行った．はじめにHPLCを用いて，総プリン体（ヌクレオシド，ヌクレオチド，DNA，RNAを過塩素酸により塩基に加水分解）および遊離のプリン塩基（フリー塩基）を定量した．次にLC-MSを用いて23種類のヌクレオシド，ヌクレオチドを一斉分析して比較した．総プリン体の含量は塩基として算出しているため …
NAID 10030380412

PVDF-HFP系ゲルタイプ高分子固体電解質と二酸化チタン・ナノチューブを用いた色素増感太陽電池の開発

錦谷禎範,久保貴哉
Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 54(3), 168-179, 2011-05-01
… Further, with the aim of increasing the power conversion efficiency, we have developed ultrahigh-aspect-ratio TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs), made by anodic oxidation of Ti metals in an extremely dilute perchloric acid solution, to establish good carrier pathways. …
NAID 10029500628

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「過塩素酸」「perchlorate」「HClO」

「過塩素酸」

Perchloric acid
Names
	Other names Hyperchloric acid
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	7601-90-3
ChEBI	CHEBI:29221
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1161634
ChemSpider	22669
EC number	231-512-4
	InChI InChI=1S/ClHO4/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H,2,3,4,5) ; Key: VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/ClHO4/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H,2,3,4,5); Key: VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYAD ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
PubChem	24247
RTECS number	SC7500000
	SMILES OCl(=O)(=O)=O ;
UN number	1873
Properties
Chemical formula	HClO4
Molar mass	100.46 g/mol
Appearance	colorless liquid
Odor	odorless
Density	1.768 g/cm3
Melting point	−17 °C (1 °F; 256 K) (azeotrope); -112 °C (anhydrous)
Boiling point	203 °C (397 °F; 476 K) (azeotrope)
Solubility in water	miscible
Acidity (pKa)	≈ −10
Hazards
Safety data sheet	ICSC 1006
EU Index	017-006-00-4
EU classification	Oxidant (O); Corrosive (C)
R-phrases	R5, R8, R35
S-phrases	(S1/2), S23, S26, S36, S45
NFPA 704	0 3 3 OX
Related compounds
Related compounds	Hydrochloric acid; Hypochlorous acid; Chlorous acid; Chloric acid
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: perchloric acid, perchlorate
関: 塩素酸 HClO3, 亜塩素酸 HClO2, 次亜塩素酸 HClO
関: 過塩素酸塩

HClO₄

酸性　：過塩素酸＞塩素酸＞亜塩素酸＞次亜塩素酸
酸化力：次亜塩素酸＞亜塩素酸＞塩素酸＞過塩素酸
-perchlorate

「perchlorate」

　　[★]

過塩素酸、(化合物)過塩素酸塩

関: HClO、perchloric acid

perchloric acid

「HClO」

　　[★]

過塩素酸

関: perchlorate、perchloric acid

[1] Samuel Fomon. Medicine and the Allied Sciences 1. p. 148.

[2] Safety data for concentrated perchloric acid, ca. 70% msds.chem.ox.ac.uk

[3] Handling of Perchloric acid ameslab.gov

[Ullmann-4] Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483.

[5] Müler, W.; Jönck, P. (1963). "Herstellung von Perchlorsäure durch anodische Oxydation von Chlor". Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 35 (2): 78. doi:10.1002/cite.330350203. edit; German patent DE1031288B; US patent US2846383A

[6] Almlöf, Jan; Lundgren, Jan O.; Olovsson, Ivar "Hydrogen Bond Studies. XLV. Crystal structure of perchloric acid 2.5 hydrate" Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry 1971, volume 27, pp. 898-904.doi:10.1107/S0567740871003236

[Holl-7] Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Translated by Mary Eagleson, William Brewer. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 464. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

[8] ttp://www.gfschemicals.com/statics/coreproducts/Perchloric_acid.html

[9] ttp://engineering.dartmouth.edu/microeng/processing/etching/metal.etch.html

[CRC_Press] Cite error: The named reference CRC_Press was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[11] A. T. Balaban, C. D. Nenitzescu, K. Hafner and H. Kaiser (1973). "2,4,6-Trimethylpyrilium Perchlorate". Org. Synth. ; Coll. Vol. 5, p. 1106

[12] Perchloric Acid, 60%, GR Material Safety Data Sheet Seton Resource Center

[13] R. C. Nester; G. F. Vander Voort (1992). Safety in the Metallographic Laboratory. ASTM Standardization News. p. 34.

[14] "CALIFORNIA: The Amazing Brew". Time.com. March 3, 1947.

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案内

perchloric acid