| Pelvic floor |
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Left Levator ani from within.
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Coronal section through the male anal canal. B. Cavity of urinary bladder V.D. Vas deferens. S.V. Seminal vesicle. R. Second part of rectum. A.C. Anal canal. L.A. Levator ani. I.S. Internal anal sphincter. E.S. External anal sphincter.
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| Details |
| Latin |
diaphragma pelvis |
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Nerve
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Sacral nerves 3-4[1] |
| Identifiers |
| Gray's |
p.420 |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
12293527 |
| TA |
A04.5.04.001 |
| FMA |
19726 |
| Anatomical terminology |
The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus muscle, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects. The pelvic floor separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region (including perineum) below.
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Structure
The right and left levator ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and anal canal. The levator ani is usually considered in three parts: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus. The pubococcygeus, the main part of the levator, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the coccyx and may be damaged during parturition. Some fibers are inserted into the prostate, urethra, and vagina. The right and left puborectalis unite behind the anorectal junction to form a muscular sling. Some regard them as a part of the sphincter ani externus. The iliococcygeus, the most posterior part of the levator ani, is often poorly developed.
The coccygeus, situated behind the levator ani and frequently tendinous as much as muscular, extends from the ischial spine to the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx.
The pelvic cavity of the true pelvis has the pelvic floor as its inferior border (and the pelvic brim as its superior border). The perineum has the pelvic floor as its superior border.
Some sources do not consider "pelvic floor" and "pelvic diaphragm" to be identical, with the "diaphragm" consisting of only the levator ani and coccygeus, while the "floor" also includes the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch.[2] However, other sources include the fascia as part of the diaphragm.[citation needed] In practice, the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Posteriorly, the pelvic floor extends into the anal triangle.
The pelvic floor has two hiatuses (gaps): Anteriorly urogenital hiatus through which urethra and vagina pass through and posteriorly rectal hiatus through which anal canal passes.[3]
Function
It is important in providing support for pelvic viscera (organs), e.g. the bladder, intestines, the uterus (in females), and in maintenance of continence as part of the urinary and anal sphincters. It facilitates birth by resisting the descent of the presenting part, causing the fetus to rotate forwards to navigate through the pelvic girdle. It helps maintain optimal intra-abdominal pressure.[3]
Clinical significance
In women, the levator muscles or their supplying nerves can be damaged in pregnancy or childbirth. There is some evidence that these muscles may also be damaged during a hysterectomy. Pelvic surgery using the "perineal approach" (between the anus and coccyx) is an established cause of damage to the pelvic floor. This surgery includes coccygectomy.[citation needed]
In female high-level athletes, perineal trauma is rare and is associated with certain sports (each with a distinct type of trauma): water-skiing, bicycle racing, and equestrian sports.[4]
Damage to the pelvic floor not only contributes to urinary incontinence but can lead to pelvic organ prolapse. Pelvic organ prolapse occurs in women when pelvic organs (e.g. the vagina, bladder, rectum, or uterus) protrude into or outside of the vagina. The causes of pelvic organ prolapse are not unlike those that also contribute to urinary incontinence. These include inappropriate (asymmetrical, excessive, insufficient) muscle tone and asymmetries caused by trauma to the pelvis. Age, pregnancy, family history, and hormonal status all contribute to the development of pelvic organ prolapse. The vagina is suspended by attachments to the perineum, pelvic side wall and sacrum via attachments that include collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle. Surgery can be performed to repair pelvic floor muscles. The pelvic floor muscles can be strengthened with Kegel exercises.[citation needed]
Disorders of the posterior pelvic floor include rectal prolapse, rectocele, perineal hernia, and a number of functional disorders including anismus. Constipation due to any of these disorders is called "functional constipation" and is identifiable by clinical diagnostic criteria.[5]
Pelvic floor exercise (PFE), also known as Kegel exercises, may improve the tone and function of the pelvic floor muscles, which is of particular benefit for women (and less commonly men) who experience stress urinary incontinence.[6][7] However, compliance with PFE programs often is poor,[6] PFE generally is ineffective for urinary incontinence unless performed with biofeedback and trained supervision,[7] and in severe cases it may have no benefit. Pelvic floor muscle tone may be estimated using a perineometer, which measures the pressure within the vagina. Medication may also be used to improve continence. In severe cases, surgery may be used to repair or even to reconstruct the pelvic floor.[citation needed]
Perineology or pelviperineology is a speciality dealing with the functional troubles of the three axis (urological, gynaecological and coloproctological) of the pelvic floor.[citation needed]
See also
- Coccyx (tailbone)
- Pubococcygeus muscle
- Pelvic floor dysfunction
- Pelvic floor muscle disorder
- Perineology
- Perineal hernia
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ part_6/chapter_37.html#chpt_37_innervation_diaphragm — Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School
- ^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M. (2005). Gray's Anatomy For Students. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-443-06612-2.
- ^ a b Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of Obstetrics (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-81-312-2556-1.
- ^ Crepin, G; Biserte, J; Cosson, M; Duchene, F (2006). "Appareil génital féminin et sport de haut niveau" [The female urogenital system and high level sports]. Bulletin de l'Académie nationale de médecine (in French) 190 (7): 1479–91; discussion 1491–3. PMID 17450681. INIST:18518465.
- ^ Berman, L; Aversa, J; Abir, F; Longo, W. E. (2005). "Management of disorders of the posterior pelvic floor". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 78 (4): 211–21. PMC 2259151. PMID 16720016.
- ^ a b Kielb, S. J. (2005). "Stress incontinence: Alternatives to surgery". International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine 50 (1): 24–9. PMID 15971718.
- ^ a b Harvey, M. A. (2003). "Pelvic floor exercises during and after pregnancy: A systematic review of their role in preventing pelvic floor dysfunction". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 25 (6): 487–98. PMID 12806450.
External links
- Overview at nih.gov
- Selection of recent medical literature continuously updated on Pelvic Floor Functional Anatomy
- Pelviperineology The Open Access Journal who consider all the compartments of the pelvis and of the perineum, with the body around and the mind above, as a single unit.
- Pelvic Floor Video Video with overview of pelvic floor muscles and related physical therapy exercises
- Danger of over-toning muscles
- Pelvic Floor Part 1 - The Pelvic Diaphragm in Men - 3D Anatomy Tutorial
- Pelvic Floor Part 1-The Pelvic Diaphragm-3D Anatomy Tutorial, Anatomy Zone
- Pelvic Floor Part 2-Perineal Membrane and Deep Perineal Pouch-3D Anatomy Tutorial, Anatomy Zone
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Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentry
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| General |
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| Abdominal |
From
ventral
mesentery |
- Lesser omentum
- Hepatoduodenal ligament
- Hepatogastric ligament
- Liver
- Coronary ligament
- (Left triangular ligament
- Right triangular ligament
- Hepatorenal ligament)
- Falciform ligament (Round ligament of liver and Ligamentum venosum in it, but not of it)
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|
From
dorsal
mesentery |
- Greater omentum
- Gastrophrenic ligament
- Gastrocolic ligament
- Gastrosplenic ligament
- Mesentery
- Transverse mesocolon
- Sigmoid mesocolon
- Mesoappendix
- Root of the mesentery
- Splenorenal ligament
- Phrenicocolic ligament
- Folds
- Umbilical folds
- Supravesical fossa
- Medial inguinal fossa
- Lateral umbilical fold
- Lateral inguinal fossa
- Ileocecal fold
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|
Abdominal
cavity |
- Greater sac
- Omental bursa
- Omental foramen
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|
| General |
- Cystohepatic triangle
- Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space
- Abdominal wall
- Peritoneal recesses
- Paracolic gutters
- Paramesenteric gutters
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|
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| Pelvic |
| Uterus/ovaries |
- Broad ligament of the uterus
- Mesovarium
- Mesosalpinx
- Mesometrium)
- Ovarian ligament
- Suspensory ligament of ovary
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|
| Recesses |
- Male
- Recto-vesical pouch
- Pararectal fossa
- Female
- Recto-uterine pouch
- Recto-uterine fold (Uterosacral ligament)
- Vesico-uterine pouch
- Ovarian fossa
- Paravesical fossa
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|
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| Spaces |
- Extraperitoneal space
- Retroperitoneal space
- Retropubic space
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|
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Index of digestion
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Gluten sensitivity
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- anabolic steroids
- antacids
- diarrhoea and infection
- bile and liver
- functional gastrointestinal disorders
- laxatives
- peptic ulcer and reflux
- nausea and vomiting
- other
- Surgery
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Muscles and ligaments of abdomen and pelvis
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| Abdominal wall |
Anterior/
lateral |
| Muscle |
- Abdominal external oblique
- Transverse abdominal
- Rectus sheath
- rectus abdominis
- pyramidalis
- Arcuate line
- Tendinous intersection
- Cremaster
- Abdominal internal oblique
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| Fascia |
- Abdominal fascia
- panniculus adiposus
- Fascia of Camper
- stratum membranosum
- Transversalis fascia
- Linea alba
- Linea semilunaris
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| Inguinal |
- Inguinal triangle
- Inguinal canal
- Deep inguinal ring
- Superficial inguinal ring
- Intercrural fibers
- Crura of superficial inguinal ring
- Inguinal ligament
- Pectineal ligament
- Lacunar ligament
- Reflected ligament
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| Posterior |
| Muscle |
- quadratus lumborum
- Iliopsoas
- psoas major
- psoas minor
- iliacus
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| Fascia |
- Iliac fascia
- Iliopectineal arch
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| Pelvis |
| Muscle |
- levator ani
- iliococcygeus
- pubococcygeus
- puborectalis
- coccygeus
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| Fascia |
- pelvic fascia
- Visceral
- Rectovaginal fascia
- Rectoprostatic fascia
- Parietal
- Obturator fascia
- Tendinous arch
- Piriformis fascia
- floor
- superior fascia
- Pubovesical ligament
- Puboprostatic ligament
- inferior fascia
- Anococcygeal body
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Index of muscle
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- head
- neck
- arms
- chest and back
- diaphragm
- abdomen
- genital area
- legs
- Muscle tissue
- Physiology
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| Disease |
- Myopathy
- Soft tissue
- Connective tissue
- Congenital
- abdomen
- muscular dystrophy
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Injury
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- anti-inflammatory
- muscle relaxants
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