膝蓋腱反射
WordNet
- manage or run; "tend a store"
- have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined; "She tends to be nervous before her lectures"; "These dresses run small"; "He inclined to corpulence" (同)be given, lean, incline, run
- have care of or look after; "She tends to the children"
- an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus (同)reflex response, reflex action, instinctive reflex, innate reflex, inborn reflex, unconditioned_reflex, physiological reaction
- a small flat triangular bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint (同)kneecap, kneepan
- a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment (同)sinew
- near or relating to the patella or kneecap; "patellar tendon"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈人が〉(…の)『傾向がある』,(…)しがちである / 〈物事が〉(ある方向に)向かう,(ある状態に)向かう
- 〈人・動植物など〉‘の'『世話をする』,めんどうをみる / 《米》〈店〉‘の'番をする / 《tend to+名》…に気をつける,心を配る
- 反射(刺激に対する無意識の反応) / 《複数形で》反射的な動き / (光などの)反射,反射光;映像 / 反射性の / (カメラが)レフ鋼の,反射型の
- =kneecap
- 腱(けん)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/20 06:06:07」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Schematic representation of patellar tendon reflex (knee jerk) pathway
The patellar reflex or knee-jerk is a deep tendon reflex and is a myotatic reflex.
Contents
- 1 Mechanism
- 2 Purpose of testing
- 3 History
- 4 Popular culture
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
Mechanism
Striking the patellar ligament with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L4 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha-motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. This reflex is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought.
The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead the bipolar sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there is an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle (Reciprocal_innervation).
It tests L2, L3, and L4.[1]
This test of a basic automatic reflex may be influenced by the patient consciously inhibiting or exaggerating the response; the doctor may use the Jendrassik maneuver as a distraction or diversion in order to ensure a more valid reflex test.
Purpose of testing
After the tap of a hammer, the leg is normally extended once and comes to rest. The absence or decrease of this reflex is problematic, and known as Westphal's sign. This reflex may be diminished or absent in lower motor neuron lesions and during sleep. On the other hand, multiple oscillation of the leg (pendular reflex) following the tap may be a sign of a cerebellar disease. Exaggerated (brisk) deep tendon reflexes such as this can be found in upper motor neuron lesions, hyperthyroidism, anxiety or nervousness. The test itself assesses the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord.
History
The term knee-jerk was recorded by Sir Michael Foster in his Textbook of physiology in 1877: "Striking the tendon below the patella gives rise to a sudden extension of the leg, known as the knee-jerk."[2]
Popular culture
The term began to be used figuratively from the early 20th century onwards. O. O. McIntyre, in his New York Day-By-Day column in The Coshocton Tribune, October 1921, wrote: "Itinerant preacher stemming Broadway on a soap box. And gets only an occasional knee-jerk."[2]
See also
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Look up knee-jerk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Tonic vibration reflex
- Motor control
- Jendrassik maneuver
Notes
- ^ William J. Weiner (30 July 2010). Neurology for the Non-Neurologist. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 499–. ISBN 978-1-60547-239-3. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
- ^ a b Knee-jerk reaction
References
- Gurfinkel' VS, Lipshits MI, Popov KE (1974). "Is the stretch reflex a basic mechanism in the system of regulation of human vertical posture?". Biofizika (in Russian) 19 (4): 744–8. PMID 4425696.
- Pinnock CA, Lin ES, Smith T (2003). "Fundamentals of Anaesthesia, 2nd Edition" (2 ed.). Greenwich Medical Media Ltd.
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Nervous system physiology: neurophysiology - reflex
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| Cranial nerve |
- midbrain: Pupillary light reflex
- Accommodation reflex
pons/medulla: Jaw jerk reflex
- Corneal reflex
- Caloric reflex test/Vestibulo-ocular reflex/Oculocephalic reflex
- Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
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| Stretch reflexes |
- upper limb: Biceps reflex C5/C6
- Brachioradialis reflex C6
- Triceps reflex C7/C8
lower limb: Patellar reflex L2-L4
- Ankle jerk reflex S1/S2
- Plantar reflex L5-S2
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| Primitive reflexes |
- Galant
- Gastrocolic
- Grasp
- Moro
- Rooting
- Stepping
- Sucking
- Tonic neck
- Parachute
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| Superficial reflexes |
- Abdominal reflex
- Cremasteric reflex
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| Lists |
- general
- alphabetical
- by organ
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| Cardiovascular |
- Bainbridge reflex
- Bezold-Jarisch reflex
- Coronary reflex
- Mammalian diving reflex
- Oculocardiac reflex
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Baroreflex
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- Reflex bradycardia
- Reflex tachycardia
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Respiratory
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| Other |
- Acoustic reflex
- H-reflex
- Golgi tendon reflex
- Optokinetic
- Startle reaction
- Withdrawal reflex (Crossed extensor reflex)
- Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
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Index of the peripheral nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Nerves
- cranial
- trigeminal
- cervical
- brachial
- lumbosacral plexus
- somatosensory
- spinal
- autonomic
- Physiology
- reflexes
- proteins
- neurotransmitters
- transporters
- Development
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| Disease |
- Autonomic
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Local anesthetics
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Clinical trial of a method for confirming the effects of spinal anesthesia in patients with spinal cord injury.
- Takatsuki A, Ohtsuka M.SourceDepartment of Anesthesia, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, 516 Nanasawa, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 254-0121, Japan, takatuki@pp.iij4u.or.jp.
- Journal of anesthesia.J Anesth.2012 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print]
- In this case series study, we prospectively examined whether it might be possible to check the effect of spinal anesthesia (SA), based on the disappearance of lower extremity reflexes and spasticity, in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), in whom the effect cannot be confirmed by the pinprick te
- PMID 22706640
- [Lumbar radiculopathy presenting neuralgic amyotrophy with gadlinium-enhanced MRI lesions: a case report].
- Unoda K, Ito T, Nakajima H.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, Seikeikai Hospital.
- Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology.Rinsho Shinkeigaku.2012;52(2):111-3.
- A 40-year-old man presented with sudden onset of severe left buttock pain that radiated down the thigh to the leg. On examination, he showed moderate weakness and atrophy in the left quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles, and absence of a left patellar tendon reflex. Needle electromyography revea
- PMID 22354236
Japanese Journal
- Clinical availability of the deep tendon reflex test using a novel apparatus in healthy subjects
- Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27(2), 317-320, 2015
- … [Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical usefulness of a novel apparatus intended to improve the consistency and reliability of the deep tendon reflex (DTR) test. … These parameters were the patellar reflex amplitude and first knee extension angle. …
- NAID 130004835164
- Effect of the Intrathecal Baclofen Screening Test on the Spatiotemporal Gait Motion Parameters of Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries Who Exhibited Diffuse Spasticity: A Report of Three Cases
- , ,
- NMC Case Report Journal 1(1), 20-23, 2014
- … patellar tendon reflex; …
- NAID 130004648820
- Spinal Reflex Arc Excitability Corresponding to the Vastus Medialis Obliquus and Vastus Medialis Longus Muscles
- ,
- Journal of Physical Therapy Science 26(1), 101-104, 2014
- … To elucidate spinal reflex arc excitability in two divisions of the VM, we compared H-reflexes and T-waves in VMO and VML. … [Methods] The H-reflex was evoked from the VMO and VML by electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve during knee extension at 10% maximal voluntary isometric contraction. …
- NAID 130004432120
Related Links
- Patellar reflex. The patellar reflex or knee-jerk is a deep tendon reflex and is a myotatic reflex. ... Striking the patellar ligament with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a ...
- 23 Jan 2013 ... The patellar reflex is a type of deep tendon reflex that occurs when an area just below the patella, also known as the kneecap, is struck. In healthy individuals, when the right spot is tapped, this causes the lower leg to kick out ...
★リンクテーブル★
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膝蓋腱反射 patellar tendon reflex
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- 関
- apt、liable、predispose、susceptible
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- 関
- reflect、reflection、reflective
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- 関
- patella、patellae
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膝蓋腱
- 関
- patellar ligament