official

• adj.

• 公式の、公定の

関

formal、formally、formula、formulae、officinalis

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. verified officially; "the election returns are now official"
2. a worker who holds or is invested with an office (同)functionary
3. someone who administers the rules of a game or sport; "the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling"
4. conforming to set usage, procedure, or discipline; "in prescribed order" (同)prescribed
5. (of a church) given official status as a national or state institution
6. having official authority or sanction; "official permission"; "an official representative"
7. of or relating to an office; "official privileges"
8. a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements (同)chemical_formula
9. a group of symbols that make a mathematical statement (同)expression
10. a conventionalized statement expressing some fundamental principle
11. a liquid food for infants
12. logically deductive; "formal proof"
13. (of spoken and written language) adhering to traditional standards of correctness and without casual, contracted, and colloquial forms; "the paper was written in formal English"
14. being in accord with established forms and conventions and requirements (as e.g. of formal dress); "pay ones formal respects"; "formal dress"; "a formal ball"; "the requirement was only formal and often ignored"; "a formal education"
15. characteristic of or befitting a person in authority; "formal duties"; "an official banquet"
16. in a formal manner; "he was dressed rather formally"
17. with official authorization; "the club will be formally recognized" (同)officially
18. not in an official capacity; "unofficially, he serves as the treasurer"
19. without official authorization; "he had made some money on the side" (同)on the side
20. personal immunity accorded to a public official from liability to anyone injured by actions that are the consequence of exerting official authority

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『公務』[『木』]『の』,職務[上]の / 『公式の』,正式の(formal);公認の / お役織式の / 『公務員』,役人(会社などの)『職員』,役員
2. (あいさつなどの)『決まった言い方』;空虚な言葉 / (…の)習慣的なやり方,決まった方法《+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (…の)製法,調理法,処方せん《+『for』+『名』》 / (…の)『公式』,式《+『for』+『名』》
3. 『正式の』,公式の,本式の / 形式ばった;改まった / 形式的な,表面的な
4. 《集合的に》官僚,役人 / 《しばしば軽べつして》お役所風なやり方

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/15 21:41:21」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Official (disambiguation).

An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either his own or that of his superior and/or employer, public or legally private).

Ambtenaar (government official) by Louis Duséé

A government official or functionary is an official who is involved in public administration or government, through either election, appointment, selection, or employment. A bureaucrat or civil servant is a member of the bureaucracy. An elected official is a person who is an official by virtue of an election. Officials may also be appointed ex officio (by virtue of another office, often in a specified capacity, such as presiding, advisory, secretary). Some official positions may be inherited. A person who currently holds an office is referred to as an incumbent.

The word official as a noun has been recorded since the Middle English period, first seen in 1314. It comes from the Old French official (12th century), from the Latin officialis ("attendant to a magistrate, public official"), the noun use of the original adjective officialis ("of or belonging to duty, service, or office") from officium ("office"). The meaning "person in charge of some public work or duty" was first recorded in 1555. The adjective is first attested in English in 1533, via the Old French oficial.

The informal term officialese, the jargon of "officialdom", was first recorded in 1884.

Roman Antiquity

An officialis (plural officiales) was the official term (somewhat comparable to a modern civil servant) for any member of the officium (staff) of a high dignitary such as a governor.

Ecclesiastical judiciary

This article is part of the series:
Legislation and Legal System of the Catholic Church
Codifications Legal history of the Catholic Church 1983 Code of Canon Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches 1917 Code of Canon Law Corpus Juris Canonici Apostolic Constitutions Decretum Gratiani Decretist Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Extravagantes Nomocanon Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
Apostolic constitutions Anglicanorum Coetibus Benedictus Deus (Benedict XII) Benedictus Deus (Pius IV) Ex Corde Ecclesiae Fidei Depositum Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor Bonus Sacrae Disciplinae Leges Universi Dominici gregis
Motu proprio Ad tuendam fidem Mysterii Paschalis Pontificalis Domus Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini
Canon law of Vatican II Lumen gentium Sacrosanctum Concilium Gaudium et spes Dei verbum
Matrimonial law Affinity Banns of Marriage Declaration of Nullity Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Defender of the Bond Disparity of Cult Impediment of crime Matrimonial Dispensation Natural Marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege ratum sed non consummatum
Tribunals & canonical structures Tribunal System Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Judicial Vicar/Officialis Auditor Defender of the Bond Personal Ordinariate Personal Prelature
Theory Dispensation Ecclesiastical positive law Excommunication Fundamental Theory of Canon Law Indult Impediment Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Internal forum Latae Sententiae Censure Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Vacatio legis Valid but illicit
Other Canon 915 Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII
Canon Law Task Force

In Canon law, the word or its Latin original officialis is used absolutely as the legal title of a diocesan bishop's judicial vicar who shares the bishop's ordinary judicial power over the diocese and presides over the diocesan ecclesiastical court.

The 1983 Code of Canon Law gives precedence to the title Judicial Vicar, rather than that of Officialis (canon 420). The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches uses only the title Judicial Vicar (canon 191).

In German, the related noun Offizialat was also used for an official bureau in a diocese that did much of its administration, comprising the vicariate-general, an adjoined secretariat, a registry office and a chancery.

The title of official principal, together with that of vicar-general, has in Anglicanism been merged in that of Diocesan chancellor of a diocese.

Other

In sports, the term official is used to describe a person enforcing playing rules in the capacity of a linesman, referee and umpire; also specified by the discipline, e.g. American football official, Ice hockey official.

The term officer is close to being a synonym (but has more military connotations). A functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organization; this again is quite a close synonym for official, as a noun, but with connotations closer to bureaucrat. Any such person acts in their official capacity, in carrying out the duties of their office; they are also said to officiate, for example in a ceremony. A public official is an official of central or local government.

Max Weber on bureaucratic officials

Max Weber gave as definition of a bureaucratic official:

• he is personally free and appointed to his position on the basis of conduct
• he exercises the authority delegated to him in accordance with impersonal rules, and his loyalty is enlisted on behalf of the faithful execution of his official duties
• his appointment and job placement are dependent upon his technical qualifications
• his administrative work is a full-time occupation
• his work is rewarded by a regular salary and prospects of advancement in a lifetime career.

An official must exercise his judgment and his skills, but his duty is to place these at the service of a higher authority; ultimately he is responsible only for the impartial execution of assigned tasks and must sacrifice his personal judgment if it runs counter to his official duties.

Adjective

As an adjective, "official" often, but not always, means pertaining to the government, either as state employee or having state recognition, or to analogous governance, or to formal (especially legally regulated) proceeding as opposed to informal business. Some examples:

• An official holiday is a public holiday, having national (or regional) recognition.
• An official language is a language recognised by a government, for its own use in administration, or for delivering services to its citizens (for example, on signposts).
• An official spokesperson is an individual empowered to speak for the government, or some part of it such as a ministry, on a range of issues and on the record for the media.
• An official statement is an issued by an organisation as an expression of its corporate position or opinion; an official apology is an apology similarly issued by an organisation (as opposed to an apology by an individual).
• Official policy is policy publicly acknowledged and defended by an organisation. In these cases unofficial is an antonym, and variously may mean informal, unrecognised, personal or unacknowledged.
• An official strike is a strike organised and recognised by a labour union, as opposed to an unofficial strike at grassroots level.
• An official school is a school administered by the government or by a local authority, as opposite to a private school or religious school.
• An official history, for example of an institution or business, or particularly of a war or military unit, is a history written as a commission, with the assumption of co-operation with access to records and archives; but without necessarily full editorial independence.
• An official biography is usually on the same lines, written with access to private papers and the support of the family of the subject.

See also

• Bureaucrat
• Civil servant
• Title
• Pauly-Wissowa

Sources and references

(incomplete)

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton. 
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• Etymology OnLine

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「公式」「formulae」「formal」「formally」「公定」

「公式」

　　[★]

英

formula

• (数学の)formula、formulae、(社会的な)official、formal、formally

関

公定、式、処方箋、正式

「formulae」

　　[★]

式、公式、処方箋

関

Eq.、equation、expression、formal、formally、formula、official、prescription

「formal」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 公式の、正式の

関

formally、formula、formulae、official

　 　 　 　 　

「formally」

　　[★]

• adv.

• 公式に

関

formal、formula、formulae、official

　 　

「公定」

　　[★]

英

official、officinalis

関

公式