WordNet

of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of an atom; "nuclear physics"; "nuclear fission"; "nuclear forces"
(weapons) deriving destructive energy from the release of atomic energy; "nuclear war"; "nuclear weapons"; "atomic bombs" (同)atomic
constituting or like a nucleus; "annexation of the suburban fringe by the nuclear metropolis"; "the nuclear core of the congregation"
of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of a cell; "nuclear membrane"; "nuclear division"
a curve that is tangent to each of a family of curves
the bag containing the gas in a balloon (同)gasbag
a flat (usually rectangular) container for a letter, thin package, etc.
any wrapper or covering
a natural covering (as by a fluid); "the spacecraft detected an envelope of gas around the comet"
the maximum operating capability of a system (especially an aircraft); "test pilots try to push the envelope"
enclose or enfold completely with or as if with a covering; "Fog enveloped the house" (同)enfold, enwrap, wrap, enclose
surrounding and closing in on or hemming in; "the armys enveloping maneuver"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/10 09:46:03」(JST)

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Human cell nucleus

A nuclear membrane, also known as the nuclear envelope,^[1] nucleolemma^[2] or karyotheca,^[3] is the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

The nuclear membrane consists of two lipid bilayers—the inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space, a region contiguous with the lumen (inside) of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is usually about 20–40 nm wide.^[4]

The nuclear membrane has many small holes called nuclear pores that allow material to move in and out of the nucleus.

Outer membrane

The outer nuclear membrane is also contiguous with the endoplasmic reticulum.^[5] While it is physically linked, the outer nuclear membrane contains proteins found in far higher concentrations than the endoplasmic reticulum.^[6]

Inner membrane

The inner nuclear membrane encloses the nucleoplasm, and is covered by the nuclear lamina, a mesh of intermediate filaments which stabilizes the nuclear membrane as well as being involved in chromatin function and entire expression.^[6] It is connected to the outer membrane by nuclear pores which penetrate the membranes. While the two membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum are linked, proteins embedded in the membranes tend to stay put rather than dispersing across the continuum.^[7]

Nuclear pores

The nuclear membrane is punctured by thousands of nuclear pore complexes—large hollow proteins about 100 nm across, with an inner channel about 40 nm wide.^[6] They link the inner and outer nuclear membranes.

Cell division

During the G2 phase of interphase, the nuclear membrane increases its surface area and doubles its number of nuclear pore complexes.^[6]
In lower eukaryotes, such as yeast, which undergo closed mitosis, the nuclear membrane stays intact during cell division. The spindle fibers either form within the membrane, or penetrate it without tearing it apart.^[6]
In higher eukaryotes (animals), as well as plants, the nuclear membrane must break down during the prometaphase state of mitosis to allow the mitotic spindle fibers to access the chromosomes inside. The breakdown and reformation processes are not well understood.

Breakdown

In mammals, the nuclear membrane can break down within minutes, following a set of steps during the early stages of Mitosis.
First, M-Cdk's phosphorylate nucleoporin polypeptides and they are selectively removed from the nuclear pore complexes. After that, the rest of the nuclear pore complexes break apart simultaneously. Biochemical evidence suggests that the nuclear pore complexes disassemble into stable pieces rather than disintegrating into small polypeptide fragments.^[6] M-Cdk's also phosphorylate elements of the nuclear lamina (the framework that supports the envelope) leading to the dis-assembly of the lamina and hence the envelope membranes into small vesicles. ^[8]
Electron and fluorescence microscopy has given strong evidence that the nuclear membrane is absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum—nuclear proteins not normally found in the endoplasmic reticulum show up during mitosis.^[6]

Reformation

Exactly how the nuclear membrane reforms during telophase of mitosis is debated. Two theories exist^[6]—

Vesicle fusion—where vesicles of nuclear membrane fuse together to rebuild the nuclear membrane
Reshaping of the endoplasmic reticulum—where the parts of the endoplasmic reticulum containing the absorbed nuclear membrane envelop the nuclear space, reforming a closed membrane.

References

^ Georgia State University. "Cell Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope". gsu.edu.
^ "Nuclear membrane". Biology Dictionary. Biology Online. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ "nuclear membrane". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ "Perinuclear space". Dictionary. Biology Online. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ "Chloride channels in the Nuclear membrane". Harvard.edu. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hetzer, Mertin (March 2, 2012). "The Nuclear Envelope". National Center for Biotechnology Information 2 (3): a000539. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000539. PMC 2829960. PMID 20300205.
^ "The inner nuclear membrane: simple, or very complex?". The EMBO Journal 20 (12). April 19, 2001. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.2989. PMC 150211. PMID 11406575. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
^ Alberts (et al) (2008). "Chapter 17: The Cell Cycle". Molecular Biology of The Cell (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. pp. 1079–1080. ISBN 978-0-8153-4106-2.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nuclear membranes.

Histology image: 20102loa - Histology Learning System at Boston University
Animations of nuclear pores and transport through the nuclear envelope
Illustrations of nuclear pores and transport through the nuclear membrane
Nuclear membrane at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. Clinical significance of antinuclear antibody staining patterns and associated autoantibodies
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English Journal

Inhibition of the host translation shutoff response by herpes simplex virus 1 triggers nuclear envelope-derived autophagy.

Radtke K, English L, Rondeau C, Leib D, Lippé R, Desjardins M.SourceDépartement de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2013 Apr;87(7):3990-7. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02974-12. Epub 2013 Jan 30.
Macroautophagy is a cellular pathway that degrades intracellular pathogens and contributes to antigen presentation. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection triggers both macroautophagy and an additional form of autophagy that uses the nuclear envelope as a source of membrane. The present study cons
PMID 23365427

Caspase-mediated cleavage of C53/LZAP protein causes abnormal microtubule bundling and rupture of the nuclear envelope.

Wu J, Jiang H, Luo S, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Sun F, Huang S, Li H.SourceCancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Cell research.Cell Res.2013 Mar 12. doi: 10.1038/cr.2013.36. [Epub ahead of print]
Apoptotic nucleus undergoes distinct morphological and biochemical changes including nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation, which are attributed to caspase-mediated cleavage of several nuclear substrates such as lamins. As most of active caspases reside in the cytoplasm, di
PMID 23478299

Japanese Journal

Molecular Characterization of UKp83/68, a Widespread Nuclear Proteins that Bind Poly(A) and Colocalize with a Nuclear Speckleʼs Component

Journal of medical and dental sciences 62(2), 43-56, 2015-06
NAID 110009917266

Centrosome maturation requires YB-1 to regulate dynamic instability of microtubules for nucleus reassembly

Scientific reports 5, 8768, 2015-03
NAID 120005596190

An intracytoplasmic injection of deionized bovine serum albumin immediately after somatic cell nuclear transfer enhances full-term development of cloned mouse embryos

Journal of Reproduction and Development advpub(0), 2015
NAID 130005088824

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