関: llama

WordNet

wild or domesticated South American cud-chewing animal related to camels but smaller and lacking a hump
unfamiliar; "new experiences"; "experiences new to him"; "errors of someone new to the job"
having no previous example or precedent or parallel; "a time of unexampled prosperity" (同)unexampled
(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity; "new potatoes"; "young corn" (同)young
not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered; "a new law"; "new cars"; "a new comet"; "a new friend"; "a new year"; "the New World"
other than the former one(s); different; "they now have a new leaders"; "my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it"; "ready to take a new direction"
unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks like new"
all of the living human inhabitants of the earth; "all the world loves a lover"; "she always used `humankind because `mankind seemed to slight the women" (同)human_race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind, man
people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest; "the Western world" (同)domain
all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you; "his world was shattered"; "we live in different worlds"; "for them demons were as much a part of reality as trees were" (同)reality
a part of the earth that can be considered separately; "the outdoor world"; "the world of insects"
information about recent and important events; "they awaited news of the outcome" (同)intelligence, tidings, word
informal information of any kind that is not previously known to someone; "it was news to me"
information reported in a newspaper or news magazine; "the news of my death was greatly exaggerated"
cud-chewing mammal used as a draft or saddle animal in desert regions
in use after medieval times; "New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties"

PrepTutorEJDIC

ラマ(南米産ラクダの一種;その毛は織物の材料となる)
(その状態になってまだ時間がたっていなくて)『新しい』;《名詞の前にのみ用いて》新しく発見(発明)された,新しく来た / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》目新しい,初めて聞く,なじみのない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(人が)(…に)『まだ慣れていない』,(…を)よく知らない《『to』+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》(人が)(…から)出てきたばかりの《+『from』+『名』》 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》まだ着た(使った)ことがない,新品の / 新たに始まる;(肉体的・精神的に)一新した / 《おもに複合語を作って》最近(recently);新たに,新しく(newly)
《the world》『世界』,地球 / 《the world》(特定の時代・特徴・地域に限られた)世界,《one's world》(個人の生活・経験などの)世界 / 《the world》宇宙 / 〈C〉(特に生物がいる)天体 / 《the world》『世界の人たち』,世間の人たち / 《the world》『世間』,世の中,現世;《文》世俗,俗事 / 《修飾語を伴って》《the world》(特定のグループの作る)世界,(動植物の生存する)界 / 《a world, the world》大量(の…),たくさん(の…)《+of+名》
(新しい)『報道』,記事;(一般的に)知らせ,たより) / (耳新しい)『事件』,でき事 / 《N-》(新聞名として)…新聞
『ラクダ』 / =caisson2

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English Journal

Identification of Lamanema chavezi Becklund 1963 infection in a llama (Lama glama) in the United States.

Jarvinen JA1, Whitley EM, Kreuder AJ, Schleining JA.Author information 11Julie Ann C. Jarvinen, Department of Veterinary Pathology, 1786 College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011. jarvinen@iastate.edu.AbstractInfection with Lamanema chavezi, a parasitic nematode of New World camelids, was diagnosed by examination of feces and formalin-fixed liver from a 14-month-old female llama (Lama glama) that died after a 6-week illness. Infection with L. chavezi was initially suspected when a granuloma containing an unidentified nematode was detected microscopically in the hepatic parenchyma from a necropsy specimen. The subsequent diagnosis of L. chavezi infection was based on the morphologic features of 2 immature nematodes dissected from individual hepatic granulomas, characteristics of eggs detected in feces of the llama by centrifugal flotation in sugar solution (specific gravity: 1.30), development of third-stage larvae within the eggs after incubation of the llama feces at room temperature for ≥30 days, and the morphology of third-stage larvae released from the embryonated eggs. Collectively, these findings indicate that the llama, born and raised in Oregon, harbored an autochthonous L. chavezi infection. Eggs identified as L. chavezi were also detected by centrifugal flotation of pelleted feces from 3 of 7 herd mates of the llama indicating this parasite is endemic in the Oregon herd. The findings reported herein serve to alert diagnosticians and veterinary practitioners to the occurrence of L. chavezi in New World camelids in the United States and describe diagnostic features of this potential pathogen.
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.J Vet Diagn Invest.2014 Jan;26(1):178-83. doi: 10.1177/1040638713516626. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
Infection with Lamanema chavezi, a parasitic nematode of New World camelids, was diagnosed by examination of feces and formalin-fixed liver from a 14-month-old female llama (Lama glama) that died after a 6-week illness. Infection with L. chavezi was initially suspected when a granuloma containing an
PMID 24398908

Reconstructing the Life of an Unknown (ca. 500 Years-Old South American Inca) Mummy - Multidisciplinary Study of a Peruvian Inca Mummy Suggests Severe Chagas Disease and Ritual Homicide.

Panzer S1, Peschel O2, Haas-Gebhard B3, Bachmeier BE4, Pusch CM5, Nerlich AG6.Author information 1Department of Radiology, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany and Biomechanics Laboratory, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg and Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany.2Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.3Bavarian State Archaeological Collection and Museum, Munich, Germany.4Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany.5Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany.6Institute of Pathology, Academic Clinic München-Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany.AbstractThe paleopathological, paleoradiological, histological, molecular and forensic investigation of a female mummy (radiocarbon dated 1451-1642 AD) provides circumstantial evidence for massive skull trauma affecting a young adult female individual shortly before death along with chronic infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease). The mummy (initially assumed to be a German bog body) was localized by stable isotope analysis to South America at/near the Peruvian/Northern Chilean coast line. This is further supported by New World camelid fibers attached to her plaits, typical Inca-type skull deformation and the type of Wormian bone at her occiput. Despite an only small transverse wound of the supraorbital region computed tomography scans show an almost complete destruction of face and frontal skull bones with terrace-like margins, but without evidence for tissue reaction. The type of destruction indicates massive blunt force applied to the center of the face. Stable isotope analysis indicates South American origin: Nitrogen and hydrogen isotope patterns indicate an extraordinarily high marine diet along with C4-plant alimentation which fits best to the coastal area of Pacific South America. A hair strand over the last ten months of her life indicates a shift to a more "terrestric" nutrition pattern suggesting either a move from the coast or a change in her nutrition. Paleoradiology further shows extensive hypertrophy of the heart muscle and a distended large bowel/rectum. Histologically, in the rectum wall massive fibrosis alternates with residual smooth muscle. The latter contains multiple inclusions of small intracellular parasites as confirmed by immunohistochemical and molecular ancient DNA analysis to represent a chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. This case shows a unique paleopathological setting with massive blunt force trauma to the skull nurturing the hypothesis of a ritual homicide as previously described in South American mummies in an individual that suffered from severe chronic Chagas disease.
PloS one.PLoS One.2014 Feb 26;9(2):e89528. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089528. eCollection 2014.
The paleopathological, paleoradiological, histological, molecular and forensic investigation of a female mummy (radiocarbon dated 1451-1642 AD) provides circumstantial evidence for massive skull trauma affecting a young adult female individual shortly before death along with chronic infection by Try
PMID 24586848

Stepwise engineering of heterodimeric single domain camelid VHH antibodies that passively protect mice from ricin toxin.

Vance DJ1, Tremblay JM, Mantis NJ, Shoemaker CB.Author information 1From the Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208 and.AbstractIn an effort to engineer countermeasures for the category B toxin ricin, we produced and characterized a collection of epitopic tagged, heavy chain-only antibody VH domains (VHHs) specific for the ricin enzymatic (RTA) and binding (RTB) subunits. Among the 20 unique ricin-specific VHHs we identified, six had toxin-neutralizing activity: five specific for RTA and one specific for RTB. Three neutralizing RTA-specific VHHs were each linked via a short peptide spacer to the sole neutralizing anti-RTB VHH to create VHH "heterodimers." As compared with equimolar concentrations of their respective monovalent monomers, all three VHH heterodimers had higher affinities for ricin and, in the case of heterodimer D10/B7, a 6-fold increase in in vitro toxin-neutralizing activity. When passively administered to mice at a 4:1 heterodimer:toxin ratio, D10/B7 conferred 100% survival in response to a 10 × LD50 ricin challenge, whereas a 2:1 heterodimer:toxin ratio conferred 20% survival. However, complete survival was achievable when the low dose of D10/B7 was combined with an IgG1 anti-epitopic tag monoclonal antibody, possibly because decorating the toxin with up to four IgGs promoted serum clearance. The two additional ricin-specific heterodimers, when tested in vivo, provided equal or greater passive protection than D10/B7, thereby warranting further investigation of all three heterodimers as possible therapeutics.
The Journal of biological chemistry.J Biol Chem.2013 Dec 20;288(51):36538-47. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.519207. Epub 2013 Nov 7.
In an effort to engineer countermeasures for the category B toxin ricin, we produced and characterized a collection of epitopic tagged, heavy chain-only antibody VH domains (VHHs) specific for the ricin enzymatic (RTA) and binding (RTB) subunits. Among the 20 unique ricin-specific VHHs we identified
PMID 24202178