"Microcephalus" redirects here. For the genus of beetle, see Microcephalus (genus).
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009) |
| Microcephaly |
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Neural scans of a person without microcephaly (left) and a patient with microcephaly
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| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
Q02 |
| ICD-9 |
742.1 |
| OMIM |
251200 |
| DiseasesDB |
22629 |
| MedlinePlus |
003272 |
| MeSH |
D008831 |
Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is an important neurologic sign, but no uniformity exists in its definition. It is usually defined as a head circumference (HC) more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.[1][2] Some academics advocate defining it as head circumference more than three standard deviations below the mean for the age and sex.[3] Microcephaly may be congenital or it may develop in the first few years of life. The disorder may stem from a wide variety of conditions that cause abnormal growth of the brain, or from syndromes associated with chromosomal abnormalities. A homozygous mutation in one of the microcephalin genes causes primary microcephaly.
In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced and the prognosis for normal brain function is poor. The prognosis varies depending on the presence of associated abnormalities.
Contents
- 1 Causes
- 1.1 Congenital
- 1.1.1 Syndromes
- 1.1.2 Acquired
- 1.1.3 Other
- 1.2 Postnatal onset
- 1.3 Microencephaly
- 1.4 Other
- 2 Presentation
- 3 Prognosis
- 4 History
- 5 Notable microcephalic persons
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Causes
Microcephaly is a type of cephalic disorder. It has been classified in two types based on the onset:[4]
Congenital
Isolated
- Familial (autosomal recessive) microcephaly
- Autosomal dominant microcephaly
- X-linked microcephaly
- Chromosomal (balanced rearrangements and ring chromosome)
Syndromes
- Down syndrome
- Edward syndrome
- Patau syndrome
- Unbalanced rearrangements
- 4p deletion (Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome)
- 5p deletion (Cri-du-chat)
- 7q11.23 deletion (Williams syndrome)
- 22q11 deletion (DiGeorge syndrome)
- Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
- Seckel syndrome
- Cornelia de Lange syndrome
- Holoprosencephaly
Acquired
- Ischemic stroke
- Hemorrhagic stroke
- Death of a monozygotic twin
- Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
- Toxoplasmosis
- Congenital rubella syndrome
- Fetal hydantoin syndrome
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
Other
- Radiation exposure to mother
- Maternal malnutrition
- Maternal phenylketonuria
- Poorly controlled gestational diabetes
- Hyperthermia
- Maternal hypothyroidism
- Placental insufficiency
Postnatal onset
Genetic
- Inborn errors of metabolism
- Congenital disorder of glycosylation
- Mitochondrial disorders
- Peroxisomal disorder
- Glucose transporter defect
- Menkes disease
- Amino acidopathies
- Organic acidemia
Syndromes
- 17p13.3 deletion (Miller–Dieker syndrome)
- Rett syndrome (primarily girls)
- Nijmegen breakage syndrome
- X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia
- Aicardi–Goutières syndrome
- Ataxia telangiectasia
- Cohen syndrome
- Cockayne syndrome
Acquired
- Traumatic brain injury
- Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
- Ischemic stroke
- Hemorrhagic stroke
- Congenital HIV encephalopathy
- Meningitis
- Encephalitis
- Lead poisoning
- Chronic renal failure
- Hypothyroidism
- Anemia
- Congenital heart disease
- Malnutrition
A genetic factor may play a role in causing some cases of microcephaly. Relationships have been found between autism, duplications of chromosomes, and macrocephaly on one side. On the other side, a relationship has been found between schizophrenia, deletions of chromosomes, and microcephaly.[5][6][7] Moreover, an association has been established between common genetic variants within known microcephaly genes (MCPH1, CDK5RAP2) and normal variation in brain structure as measured with MRI (i.e., primarily brain cortical surface area and total brain volume).[8]
Microencephaly
"Microcephaly" means "smallheadedness" (New Latin microcephalia, from Ancient Greek μικρός "small" and κεφαλή "head"[9]). "Microencephaly" means "small brain". Because the size of the brain is mostly determined by the size of the head, microencephaly is implied when discussing microcephaly.[10]
Other
After the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, several women close to ground zero who had been pregnant at the time gave birth to children with microcephaly.[11] Microcephaly prevalence was seven of a group of 11 pregnant women at 11–17 weeks of gestation who survived the blast at less than 1.2 km from ground zero. Due to their proximity to the bomb, the pregnant women's in utero children received a biologically significant radiation dose that was relatively high due to the massive neutron output of the lower explosive-yielding Little Boy.[12] Microcephaly is the only proven malformation, or congenital abnormality, found in the children of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[12]
Presentation
Affected newborns generally have striking neurological defects and seizures. Severely impaired intellectual development is common, but disturbances in motor functions may not appear until later in life.
Infants with microcephaly are born with either a normal or reduced head size. Subsequently, the head fails to grow, while the face continues to develop at a normal rate, producing a child with a small head and a receding forehead, and a loose, often wrinkled scalp. As the child grows older, the smallness of the skull becomes more obvious, although the entire body also is often underweight and dwarfed. Development of motor functions and speech may be delayed. Hyperactivity and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies. Convulsions may also occur. Motor ability varies, ranging from clumsiness in some to spastic quadriplegia in others.
Prognosis
Generally, no specific cure is known for microcephaly. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
History
People with microcephaly were sometimes sold to freak shows in North America and Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries, where they were known by the name "pinheads". Many of them were presented as different species (e.g., "monkey man") and described as being the missing link.[13] Famous examples are Zip the Pinhead (although he may not have had microcephaly)[14] and Schlitzie the Pinhead,[15] who also starred in the 1932 movie Freaks. Both these individuals were cited as influences on the development of the long-running comic strip character Zippy the Pinhead, created by Bill Griffith.[16]
Notable microcephalic persons
- Triboulet was a jester of kings Louis XII and Francis I of France. He appears in Victor Hugo's Le Roi s'amuse and its operatic version, Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto.
- Jenny Lee Snow and Elvira Snow, commonly referred to as Pip and Flip, were sisters with microcephaly who acted in the 1932 film Freaks.
- Schlitze "Schlitzie" Surtees, possibly born Simon Metz, was a sideshow performer and actor.
See also
- Hydrocephaly
- Macrocephaly
- Seckel syndrome
- Anencephaly
References
- ^ Leviton, A.; Holmes, L. B.; Allred, E. N.; Vargas, J. (2002). "Methodologic issues in epidemiologic studies of congenital microcephaly". Early Hum Dev 69 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00065-8.
- ^ Opitz, J. M.; Holt, M. C. (1990). "Microcephaly: general considerations and aids to nosology". J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 10 (2): 75–204. PMID 2211965.
- ^ Behrman, R. E.; Kligman, R. M.; Jensen, H. B. (2000). Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics (16th ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders. ISBN 0721677673.
- ^ Ashwal, S.; Michelson, D.; Plawner, L.; Dobyns, W. B. (2009). "Practice Parameter: Evaluation of the child with microcephaly (an evidence-based review)". Neurology 73 (11): 887–897. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b783f7.
- ^ Crespi B, Stead P, Elliot M; Stead; Elliot (January 2010). "Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: Comparative genomics of autism and schizophrenia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (Suppl 1): 1736–41. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.1736C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906080106. PMC 2868282. PMID 19955444.
- ^ Stone, Jennifer L.; o’Donovan, Michael C.; Gurling, Hugh; Kirov, George K.; Blackwood, Douglas H. R.; Corvin, Aiden; Craddock, Nick J.; Gill, Michael; Hultman, Christina M.; Lichtenstein, Paul; McQuillin, Andrew; Pato, Carlos N.; Ruderfer, Douglas M.; Owen, Michael J.; St Clair, David; Sullivan, Patrick F.; Sklar, Pamela; Purcell (Leader), Shaun M.; Stone, Jennifer L.; Ruderfer, Douglas M.; Korn, Joshua; Kirov, George K.; MacGregor, Stuart; McQuillin, Andrew; Morris, Derek W.; o’Dushlaine, Colm T.; Daly, Mark J.; Visscher, Peter M.; Holmans, Peter A. et al. (September 2008). "Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia". Nature 455 (7210): 237–41. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..237S. doi:10.1038/nature07239. PMC 3912847. PMID 18668038.
- ^ Dumas L, Sikela JM (2009). "DUF1220 domains, cognitive disease, and human brain evolution". Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 74: 375–82. doi:10.1101/sqb.2009.74.025. PMC 2902282. PMID 19850849.
- ^ Rimol, Lars M.; Agartz, Ingrid; Djurovic, Srdjan; Brown, Andrew A.; Roddey, J. Cooper; Kahler, Anna K.; Mattingsdal, Morten; Athanasiu, Lavinia et al. (2010). "Sex-dependent association of common variants of microcephaly genes with brain structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (1): 384–8. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107..384R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908454107. JSTOR 40536283. PMC 2806758. PMID 20080800.
- ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/microcephaly
- ^ David D. Weaver; Ira K. Brandt (1999). Catalog of prenatally diagnosed conditions. JHU Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8018-6044-7. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ Hiroshima Peace Site
- ^ a b Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten
- ^ Mateen FJ, Boes CJ (2010). ""Pinheads": the exhibition of neurologic disorders at "The Greatest Show on Earth"". Neurology 30 (22): 2028–32. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ff9636. PMID 21115959.
- ^ "[1]?" 16 October 2010.
- ^ "[2]?" 16 October 2010.
- ^ Interview with Bill Griffith, Goblin Magazine 1995, transcribed on zippythepinhead.com; accessed Feb. 13, 2013
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microcephaly. |
- microcephaly at NINDS
- Microcephaly Support Group
- The Rat People of Pakistan
- NINDS Overview
- Schlitzie The Pinhead
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Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system (Q00–Q07, 740–742)
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| Brain |
| Neural tube defect |
- Anencephaly
- Acephaly
- Acrania
- Acalvaria
- Iniencephaly
- Encephalocele
- Arnold–Chiari malformation
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| Other |
- Microcephaly
- Congenital hydrocephalus
- other reduction deformities
- Holoprosencephaly
- Lissencephaly
- Pachygyria
- Hydranencephaly
- Septo-optic dysplasia
- Megalencephaly
- CNS cyst
- Porencephaly
- Schizencephaly
- Polymicrogyria
- Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
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| Spinal cord |
| Neural tube defect |
- Spina bifida
- Rachischisis
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| Other |
- Currarino syndrome
- Diastomatomyelia
- Syringomyelia
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Index of the central nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
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