中脳辺緑系？？

WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/27 20:34:02」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Mesolimbic dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways.

The mesolimbic pathway is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain. The pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and connects to the limbic system via the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, and the hippocampus as well as to the medial prefrontal cortex. The mesolimbic dopamine system is widely believed to be a "reward" pathway, but that hypothesis is not universally accepted.^[1]

Anatomy[edit]

The following structures are considered to be a part of the mesolimbic pathway:

Ventral Tegmental Area: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a part of the midbrain. It consists of dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons.^[2] The VTA communicates with the nucleus accumbens via the medial forebrain bundle.
Nucleus Accumbens: The nucleus accumbens is found in the ventral striatum and is composed of medium spiny neurons.^[3]^[4] It is subdivided into limbic and motor subregions known as the shell and core.^[2] The medium spiny neurons receive input from both the dopaminergic neurons of the VTA and the glutamatergic neurons of the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. When they are activated by these inputs, the medium spiny neurons' projections release GABA onto the ventral pallidum.^[2] The release of dopamine in this structure drives the mesolimbic system.
Amygdala: The amygdala is a large nuclear mass in the temporal lobe anterior to the hippocampus. It has been associated with the assignment of emotions, especially fear and anxiety. There are two, one in each temporal lobe, and their functions may be lateralized.
Hippocampus: The hippocampus is located in the medial portion of the temporal lobe. It is known for its association with double memory (i.e., both procedural and declarative memory).
Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis

Controversy over mesolimbic dopamine function[edit]

There is some controversy regarding dopamine’s role in the reward system. Three hypotheses—hedonia, learning, and incentive salience—have been proposed as explanations for dopamine’s function in the reward system.^[1] The hedonia hypothesis suggests that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens acts as a 'pleasure neurotransmitter'. In the late 1970s, it was found that some drugs of abuse involved dopamine activity, in particular in the nucleus accumbens, to cause the "high" or euphoric state. However, not all rewards or pleasurable things involve activation of the reward system, which may suggest that the mesolimbic pathway may not be just a system that works merely off enjoyable things (hedonia).^[5] Learning, on the other hand, deals with predictions of future rewards and association formation. Studies have shown that rats that had their ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens destroyed do not lose their learning capabilities, but rather lack the motivation to work for a reward.^[1] Incentive salience (wanting) stands out as a possible role for dopamine, as it regards this molecule as being released when there is a stimulus worth working hard for, thus making an individual work to get it. This is one of the reasons that dopamine transport has been extensively studied in ADD and ADHD. It is now widely understood that most people suffering from some form of attention deficit disorder most likely lack dopamine stimulation. This also explains why dopamine reuptake inhibitors and stimulants often dramatically improve symptoms of attention disorders. In self-administration studies, animals have been trained to give an operant response (lever press, nose poke, wheel turn, etc.) in order to obtain either a drug or a mate. It has been shown that the animals will continue to perform the required task until the reward is received, or fatigue sets in.^[2]^[5]

Clinical significance[edit]

Since the mesolimbic pathway is shown to be associated with feelings of reward and desire, this pathway is heavily implicated in neurobiological theories of addiction, schizophrenia, and depression.^[6]^[7]^[8] Drug addiction, the loss of control over drug use or the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs despite adverse consequences, with the four major classes of abused drugs (psychostimulants, opiates, ethanol, and nicotine) are due to increased dopamine transmission in the limbic system-each by different mechanisms.^[2]^[9] Like drug addiction, schizophrenia and depression have similar structural changes with dopamine transmission.^[6]

Other dopamine pathways[edit]

The other dopamine pathways are:

mesocortical pathway
nigrostriatal pathway
tuberoinfundibular pathway

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Berridge, K. C. 2007. "The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience". Psychopharmacology 191:391-431
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pierce RC, Kumaresan V. 2006. The mesolimbic dopamine system: The final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30:215-38
^ Zhang TA, Maldve RE, Morrisett RA. 2006. Coincident signaling in mesolimbic structures underlying alcohol reinforcement. Biochemical Pharmacology 72:919-27
^ Purves D et al. 2008. Neuroscience. Sinauer 4ed. 754-56
^ ^a ^b Neill D. Emory University. Personal Interview. 14 Oct. 2008
^ ^a ^b Van den Heuval DMA, Pasterkamp RJ. 2008. Getting connected in the dopamine system. Progress in Neurobiology 85:75-93
^ Laviolette SR. 2007. Dopamine modulation of emotional processing in cortical and subcortical neural circuits: evidence for a final common pathway in schizophrenia? Schizoprenia Bulletin 33:971-981
^ Diaz J. 1996. How Drugs Influence Behavior: A Neurobehavorial Approach. Prentice Hall
^ Janhunen S, Ahtee L. 2007. Differential nicotinic regulation of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways: Implications for drug development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 31:287-314

External links[edit]

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 二次性中枢神経系リンパ腫の臨床症状および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of secondary central nervous system lymphoma
2. 中枢神経系病変を有するHIV感染患者に対するアプローチ approach to hiv infected patients with central nervous system lesions
3. 中枢神経系シャントおよび他のデバイスの感染 infections of central nervous system shunts and other devices
4. 心不全におけるアンギオテンシン変換酵素阻害剤およびアンギオテンシン受容体拮抗剤：作用機序 angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers in heart failure mechanisms of action
5. 成人における中枢神経系の原発性血管炎 primary angiitis of the central nervous system in adults

English Journal

Food reward-sensitive interaction of ghrelin and opioid receptor pathways in mesolimbic dopamine system.

Kawahara Y, Kaneko F, Yamada M, Kishikawa Y, Kawahara H, Nishi A.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan. Electronic address: yukikawa@med.kurume-u.ac.jp.
Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2013 Apr;67:395-402. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.022. Epub 2012 Dec 7.
Ghrelin is a stomach-derived orexigenic peptide. The goal of the study was to investigate the roles of mu and kappa opioid receptors in systemic ghrelin-mediated regulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. To evaluate the interaction of systemic ghrelin with values of food reward, rats were expose
PMID 23220294

Behavioral response elicited by stimulation of the mesolimbic system after procaine and bicuculline injection into the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in rats.

Jerzemowska G, Plucińska K, Majkutewicz I, Orzeł-Gryglewska J, Trojniar W.SourceDepartment of Animal Physiology, University of Gdansk, 24Kładki Str, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland. grajer@wp.pl
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2013 Mar 15;241:161-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.012. Epub 2012 Dec 17.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) is anatomically connected with dopaminergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In the present study, VTA-stimulation induced feeding or locomotor response was tested after temporary inactivation (procaine injection) or activation (bicuculline inje
PMID 23254173

Japanese Journal

脊髄損傷後の機能回復を支える大脳辺縁系と大脳皮質運動野の機能的神経結合

西村幸男,伊佐正
日本神経回路学会誌 = The Brain & neural networks 20(3), 135-142, 2013-09-05
NAID 10031195269

D-ニューロンとトレースアミン:統合失調症の病態への関与

池本桂子
日本神経精神薬理学雑誌 = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology 33(4), 141-147, 2013-08-25
NAID 10031195270

脊髄損傷後の機能回復を支える大脳辺縁系と大脳皮質運動野の機能的神経結合

西村幸男,伊佐正
日本神経回路学会誌 20(3), 135-142, 2013
… In addition, functional connectivity of the M1 with other structures belonging to the mesolimbic system was also strengthened. …
NAID 130003385105