WordNet

verify by using a duplicate register for comparison; "control an account"
a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another; "measures for the control of disease"; "they instituted controls over drinking on campus"
a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine; "the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly"; "I turned the controls over to her" (同)controller
(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc; "the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired"; "he had lost control of his sphincters"
the activity of managing or exerting control over something; "the control of the mob by the police was admirable"
a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance
power to direct or determine; "under control"
the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.; "they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls"
exercise authoritative control or power over; "control the budget"; "Command the military forces" (同)command
lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; "moderate your alcohol intake"; "hold your tongue"; "hold your temper"; "control your anger" (同)hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate
check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard; "Are you controlling for the temperature?" (同)verify
using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices; "a mechanical process"; "his smile was very mechanical"; "a mechanical toy"
relating to or concerned with machinery or tools; "mechanical arts"; "mechanical design"; "mechanical skills" (同)mechanically skillful
relating to or governed by or in accordance with mechanics; "a belief that the universe is a mechanical contrivance"; "the mechanical pressure of a strong wind"
any plant that crowds out cultivated plants
clear of weeds; "weed the garden"
a black band worn by a man (on the arm or hat) as a sign of mourning (同)mourning_band
very early; "the wee hours of the morning"
a short time; "bide a wee"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…に対する)『統制』,抑制,制御《+『over』(『of』+『名』) / 〈C〉《複数形で》(…を)統整する手段,統御法《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…を)『抑制する力』,(…の)統整力,支配力《+『over』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《複数形で》《単数扱い》(機械の)操縦装置 / 〈C〉(実験結果の)照査基準 / …'を'『支配する』,統御する,管理する,監督する / 〈感情など〉'を'『抑制する』,抑える / …'を'照らし合わせて調べる,照査する
『機械の』,道具の;機械(道具)を必要とする / 機械仕掛けの,機械操作の,機械製の / 機械に適した,機械向きの;(人・行動などが)機械的な,自動的な
〈C〉『雑草』 / 《the Weed》(巻き)たばこ,葉巻き;マリファナ / 〈C〉(特にひょろ長い)弱々しい人 / 〈庭など〉の『雑草を抜く』,草を取る / (…から)〈雑草〉を抜く《+名+out of(from)+名》
喪服
《おもに幼児語》とても小さい,ちっぽけな / 《米》(時刻が)早い
おしっこする / おしっこ
『私たちは(が)』,われわれは(が) / 《総称的に》『人は』,われわれは / 《論説・評論などで I の代りに用いて》私たちは,吾人(ごじん)は,筆者は / 《子供・病人などに対して,you の代りに養いて》あなたは / 《君主が公式の場でI の代りに用いて》余は

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/24 16:23:32」(JST)

wiki en

Mechanical weed control is any physical activity that inhibits unwanted plant growth.^[1] Mechanical, or manual, weed control techniques manage weed populations through physical methods that remove, injure, kill, or make the growing conditions unfavorable. Some of these methods cause direct damage to the weeds through complete removal or causing a lethal injury. Other techniques may alter the growing environment by eliminating light, increasing the temperature of the soil, or depriving the plant of carbon dioxide or oxygen.^[2] Mechanical control techniques can be either selective or non-selective. A selective method has very little impact on non-target plants where as a non-selective method affects the entire area that is being treated. If mechanical control methods are applied at the optimal time and intensity, some weed species may be controlled or even eradicated.^[3]

Mechanical Control Methods

Weed Pulling

Pulling methods uproot and remove the weed from the soil. Weed pulling can be used to control some shrubs, tree saplings, and herbaceous plants. Annuals and tap-rooted weeds tend to be very susceptible to pulling. Many species are able to re-sprout from root segments that are left in the soil. Therefore, the effectiveness of this method is dependent on the removal of as much of the root system as possible.^[2] Well established perennial weeds are much less effectively controlled because of the difficulty of removing all of the root system and perennating plant parts. Small herbaceous weeds may be pulled by hand but larger plants may require the use of puller tools like the Weed Wrench or the Root Talon.^[3] This technique has a little to no impact on neighboring, non-target plants and has a minimal effect on the growing environment. However, pulling is labor intensive and time consuming making it a more suitable method to use for small weed infestations.^[1]

Mowing

Mowing methods cut or shred the above ground of the weed and can prevent and reduce seed populations as well as restrict the growth of weeds.^[3] Mowing can be a very successful control method for many annual weeds. Mowing is the most effective when it is performed before the weeds are able to set seed because it can reduce the number of flower stalks and prevent the spread of more seed. However, the biology of the weed must be considered before mowing. Some weed species may sprout with increased vigor after being mowed. Also, some species are able to re-sprout from stem or root segments that are left behind after mowing.^[4] Brush cutting and weed eating are also mowing techniques that reduce the biomass of the weeds. Repeatedly removing biomass causes reduced vigor in many weed species. This method is usually used in combination with other control methods such as burning or herbicide treatments.^[2]

Mulching

Mulch is a layer of material that is spread on the ground. Compared with some other methods of weed control, mulch is relatively simple and inexpensive. Mulching smothers the weeds by excluding light and providing a physical barrier to impede their emergence.^[2] Mulching is successful with most annual weeds, however, some perennial weeds are not affected.^[2] Mulches may be organic or synthetic. Organic mulches consist of plant by products such as: pine straw, wood chips, green waste, compost, leaves, and grass clippings. Synthetic mulches, also known as ground cover fabric, can be made from materials like polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyester.^[5]^[6] The effectiveness of mulching is mostly dependent on the material used. Organic and synthetic mulches may be used in combination with each other to increase the amount of weeds controlled.^[5]

Tillage

Tillage, also known as cultivation, is the turning over of the soil. This method is more often used in agricultural crops.^[5] Tillage can be performed on a small scale with tools such as small, hand pushed rotary tillers or on a large scale with tractor mounted plows.^[3] Tillage is able to control weeds because when the soil is overturned, the vegetative parts of the plants are damaged and the root systems are exposed causing desiccation.^[7] Generally, the younger the weed is, the more readily it can be controlled with tillage.^[5] To control mature perennial weeds, repeated tillage is necessary. By continually destroying new growth and damaging the root system, the weed's food stores are depleted until it can no longer re-sprout.^[5] Also, when the soil is overturned, the soil seed bank is disrupted which can cause dormant weed seeds to germinate in the absence of the previous competitors. These new weeds can also be controlled by continued tillage until the soil seed bank is depleted.^[4]

Soil Solarization

Soil solarization is a simple method of weed control that is accomplished by covering the soil with a layer of clear or black plastic. The plastic that is covering the ground traps heat energy from the sun and raises the temperature of the soil.^[4] Many weed seeds and vegetative propagules are not able to withstand the temperatures and are killed. For this method to be most effective, it should be implemented during the summer months and the soil should be moist.^[8] Also, cool season weeds are more susceptible to soil solarization than are warm season weeds.^[4] Using black plastic as a cover excludes light which can help to control plants that are growing whereas clear plastic has been shown to produce higher soil temperatures.^[5]

Fire

Burning and flaming can be economical and practical methods of weed control if used carefully. For most plants, fire causes the cell walls to rupture when they reach a temperature of 45°C to 55°C.^[5] Burning is commonly used to control weeds in forests, ditches, and roadsides.^[4] Burning can be used to remove accumulated vegetation by destroying the dry, matured plant matter as well as killing the green new growth. Buried weed seeds and plant propagules may also be destroyed during burning, however, dry seeds are much less susceptible to the increased temperature.^[5] Flaming is used on a smaller scale and includes the use of a propane torch with a fan tip. Flaming may be used to control weeds along fences and paved areas or places where the soil may be too wet to hoe, dig, or till. Flaming is most effective on young weeds that are less than two inches tall but repeated treatments may control tougher perennial weeds.^[8]

Flooding

Flooding is a method of control that requires the area being treated to be saturated at a depth of 15 to 30 cm for a period of 3 to 8 weeks. The saturation of the soil reduces the availability of oxygen to the plant roots thereby killing the weed.^[5] This method has been shown to be highly effective in controlling establish perennial weeds and may also suppress annual weeds by reducing the weed seed populations.^[4]

Effects of Mechanical Control on the Environment

Mechanical methods of weed control cause physical changes in the immediate environment that may cause positive or negative effects. The suppression of the targeted weeds will open niches in the environment and may also stimulate the growth of other weeds by decreasing their competition and making their environment more favorable. If the niches are not filled by a desirable plant, they will eventually be taken over by another weed. These weed control methods also effect the structure of the soil. The use of mulches can help decrease erosion, decrease water evaporation from the soil, as well as improve the soil structure by increasing the amount of organic matter. Tillage practices can help decrease compaction and aerate the soil. On the other hand, tillage has also been shown to decrease soil moisture, increase soil erosion and runoff, as well as decrease soil microbial populations. Solarization can cause changes in the biological, physical, and chemical properties of the soil. This can cause the soil to be an unfavorable environment for native species which may be beneficial or harmful.^[3]

^ ^a ^b Bell, Carl; Dean Lehman (June 2005). "Best Management Practices for Vegetation Management". Los Angeles County Weed Management Area. Retrieved 17 Feb 2012. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Tu, et al. "Manual & Mechanical Control Techniques". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Managing Invasive Plants: Concepts, Principles, and Practices". United States Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 19 Feb 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Crafts, Alden S. (1975). Modern Weed Control. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 110–117. ISBN 0-520-02733-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Rao, V.S. (2000). Principles of Weed Science. Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 39–48. ISBN 1-578-8-069-X Check |isbn= value (help).
^ "A Landscaper's Guide to Mulch". California Integrated Waste Management Board. Retrieved 12 Feb 2012.
^ Turgeon, et al. (2009). Weed Control in Turf and Ornamentals. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 127–129. ISBN 0-13-159122-3.
^ ^a ^b Hynes, Erin (1995). Controlling Weeds. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press. pp. 26–30. ISBN 0-87596-667-5.

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Impact of mechanical mowing and chemical treatment on phytosociological, pedochemical and biological parameters in roadside soils and vegetation.

Pellegrini E1, Falcone L2, Loppi S3, Lorenzini G4,5, Nali C1,6.
Ecotoxicology (London, England).Ecotoxicology.2016 Mar;25(2):279-90. doi: 10.1007/s10646-015-1586-6. Epub 2015 Nov 16.
Many chemical and non-chemical strategies have been applied to control weeds in agricultural and industrial areas. Knowledge regarding the effects of these methods on roadside vegetation is still poor. A 2-year field experiment was performed along a road located near Livorno (Tuscany, central Italy)
PMID 26573685

Phytotoxins produced by Phoma chenopodiicola, a fungal pathogen of Chenopodium album.

Evidente M1, Cimmino A1, Zonno MC2, Masi M1, Berestetskyi A3, Santoro E4, Superchi S4, Vurro M2, Evidente A5.
Phytochemistry.Phytochemistry.2015 Sep;117:482-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.008. Epub 2015 Jul 28.
Two phytotoxins were isolated from the liquid culture of Phoma chenopodiicola, a fungal pathogen proposed for the biological control of Chenopodium album, a common worldwide weed of arable crops. The two phytotoxins appeared to be a new tetrasubstituted furopyran and a new ent-pimaradiene. From the
PMID 26226110

Detection of bird nests during mechanical weeding by incremental background modeling and visual saliency.

Steen KA1, Therkildsen OR2, Green O3, Karstoft H4.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland).Sensors (Basel).2015 Mar 2;15(3):5096-111. doi: 10.3390/s150305096.
Mechanical weeding is an important tool in organic farming. However, the use of mechanical weeding in conventional agriculture is increasing, due to public demands to lower the use of pesticides and an increased number of pesticide-resistant weeds. Ground nesting birds are highly susceptible to farm
PMID 25738766

Japanese Journal

コナギとイヌホタルイの多発圃場における機械除草法の改良—株際機械除草法の開発—

中井譲,鳥塚智
農作業研究 48(2), 61-67, 2013
米ぬか土壌表面処理単独による水田雑草の抑草技術は，コナギとイヌホタルイに対する抑草効果が低い．これに対応するため，米ぬか土壌表面処理後に，歩行型水田用中耕除草機のロータの配列変更による株際機械除草技術を検討した．米ぬか土壌表面処理後にコナギとイヌホタルイの残草が多発した圃場では，歩行型水田用中耕除草機で株際機械除草 2 回を実施することにより，条間のコナギとイヌホタルイのみならず，株際のイヌホタル …
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Adventitious sprouting enables the invasive annual herb Euphorbia geniculata to regenerate after severe injury

Malikova Lenka,Mudrak Ondrej,Klimesova Jitka
Ecological research 27(5), 841-847, 2012-09-01
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1A1-H02 農作業軽減のための除草装置の開発 : 可動式エンドエフェクタの開発(農業用ロボット・メカトロニクス)

橋本陽平,桜間一徳,西村正治,石倉賢介
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… This paper proposes a new weeding device which enables to weed around furrows. … Next, a noncontact mechanism which enables to weed around furrows is proposed. …
NAID 110009907281