| Mealybugs |
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| Mealybugs on a flower stem, Yogyakarta |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia |
| Phylum: |
Arthropoda |
| Class: |
Insecta |
| Order: |
Hemiptera |
| Suborder: |
Sternorrhyncha |
| Superfamily: |
Coccoidea |
| Family: |
Pseudococcidae
Heymons, 1915 [1] |
| Genera |
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See text
[2] |
Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm climates. They are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a vector for several plant diseases.
Contents
- 1 Distribution
- 2 Description
- 3 Control
- 4 Genera
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
Distribution
Mealybugs occur in all parts of the world. Most occur naturally only in warmer parts, and get introduced into greenhouses and other buildings in cooler countries. It is unlikely that any live in the Arctic or Antarctic, except perhaps in buildings.
Description
Male individual of the hibiscus mealybug,
Maconellicoccus hirsutus
Formica fusca ants tending a herd of mealybugs
A ladybird preying on mealybugs
Mealybugs on hibiscus plant
Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic: females appear as nymphs, exhibiting reduced morphology, and lack wings, although unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. Males are smaller, gnat-like and have wings. Since mealybugs (as well as all other Hemiptera) are hemimetabolous insects, they do not undergo complete metamorphosis in the true sense of the word. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults.
Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and in a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit. They attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer (hence the name mealybug) used for protection while they suck the plant juices. In Asia, mango mealybug is considered a major menace for the mango crop. The males on the other hand are short-lived as they do not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the females. Male citrus mealy bugs fly to the females and resemble fluffy gnats.
Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50–100; other species are born directly from the female.
The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple (Jahn et al. 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids. Mealybugs only tend to be serious pests in the presence of ants because the ants protect them from predators and parasites. Mealybugs also infest some species of carnivorous plant such as Sarracenia (pitcher plants); in such cases it is difficult to eradicate them without repeated applications of insecticide such as diazinon. Small infestations may not inflict significant damage. In larger amounts though, they can induce leaf drop.
Fossil specimens of Acropyga genus ants have been recovered from the Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits and several individuals are preserved carrying the extinct mealybug genus Electromyrmococcus.[3] These fossils represent the oldest recorded record of the symbiosis between mealybugs and Acropyga species ants.[3]
Control
- If the infested plant can tolerate the cold, place the plant on a windowsill during cold weather. This will attract the mealybugs to the leaf furthest from the window, where they can be wiped off with a cloth.
- Ladybird larvae and adults feed on mealybugs, and can be used to control an infesation.
- Mealybugs can be controlled using the fungus Lecanicillium lecanii.
- Insecticidal soap is effective against mealybugs. It is commercially available and can be purchased online or at a supermarket.
- An aqueous solution containing 50% v/v isopropyl alcohol and 1% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate (found in most household detergents) is effective against mealybugs. Isopropyl alcohol dissolves the outer waxy covering, while the sodium dodecyl sulfate attacks the mealybugs themselves.
- Diatomaceous earth can be applied around the stem of the plant. Diatomaceous earth contains small silica particles that are trapped within the joints of ants. They cause irritation and eventual death. Diatomaceous earth is especially useful for an infestation that has developed a symbiotic relationship with local ants. [clarification needed]
- Diazinon can be used, but often requires multiple applications.
Genera
See also
- Maconellicoccus hirsutus – pink hibiscus mealybug, grape mealybug
- Paracoccus marginatus – papaya mealybug
- Phyllococcus oahuensis
- Planococcus citri – citrus mealybug
- Pseudococcus viburni – obscure mealybug
- Mango mealybug
References
- ^ "Pseudococcidae Heymons, 1915". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Life
- ^ a b Johnson, M.S.; et al. (2001). "Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis". American Museum Novitates 3335: 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2.
Further reading
- Jahn, G. C. and J.W. Beardsley 1994. Big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala: Interference with the biological control of gray pineapple mealybugs. In D.F. Williams [ed.] "Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact and Control of Introduced Species." Westview Press, Oxford, 199–205.
- Jahn, G. C. and J.W. Beardsley 1998. Presence / absence sampling of mealybugs, ants, and major predators in pineapple. J. Plant Protection in the Tropics 11(1):73–79.
- Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley and H. González-Hernández 2003. A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 36:9–28.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudococcidae. |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Pseudococcidae |
- NCIPM (National Centre for Integrated Pest Management) – Cotton Mealybugs
- BBC gardening advice, mealybugs
- CISR – Vine Mealybug Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Vine Mealybug
On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website:
- Hypogeococcus pungens, no common name
- Nipaecoccus nipae, coconut mealybug
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Extant Hemiptera families
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- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Class: Insecta
- Subclass: Pterygota
- Infraclass: Neoptera
- Superorder: Paraneoptera
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Suborder Auchenorrhyncha
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Cicadomorpha
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Cercopoidea
(froghoppers)
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- Aphrophoridae
- Cercopidae
- Clastopteridae
- Epipygidae
- Machaerotidae
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Cicadoidea
(cicadas)
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- Cicadidae
- Tettigarctidae (hairy cicadas)
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Membracoidea
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- Aetalionidae
- Cicadellidae (leafhoppers)
- Melizoderidae
- Membracidae (typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)
- Myerslopiidae
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Fulgoromorpha
(planthoppers)
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Fulgoroidea
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- Acanaloniidae
- Achilidae
- Achilixiidae
- Cixiidae
- Delphacidae
- Derbidae
- Dictyopharidae
- Eurybrachidae
- Flatidae
- Fulgoridae (lanternflies)
- Gengidae
- Hypochthonellidae
- Issidae
- Kinnaridae
- Lophopidae
- Meenoplidae
- Nogodinidae
- Ricaniidae
- Tettigometridae
- Tropiduchidae
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Suborder Sternorrhyncha
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Aleyrodoidea
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Aphidoidea
(aphids)
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Coccoidea
(scale insects)
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- Aclerdidae
- Asterolecaniidae (pit scales)
- Beesoniidae (beesoniids)
- Carayonemidae (carayonemids)
- Cerococcidae (ornate pit scales)
- Coccidae (soft scales)
- Conchaspididae
- Dactylopiidae (cochineals)
- Diaspididae (armored scales)
- Eriococcidae (felt scales)
- Halimococcidae (pupillarial palm scales)
- Kermesidae
- Kerriidae (lac scales)
- Lecanodiaspididae (false pit scales)
- Margarodidae (cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)
- Micrococcidae (Mediterranean scales)
- Monophlebidae (giant scales)
- Ortheziidae (ensign scales)
- Phenacoleachiidae (phenacoleachiids)
- Phoenicococcidae (palm scales)
- Pseudococcidae (mealybugs)
- Putoidae (giant mealybugs)
- Stictococcidae (stictococcids)
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Phylloxeroidea
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- Adelgidae (woolly conifer aphids)
- Phylloxeridae (phylloxerans)
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Psylloidea
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- Aphalaridae
- Calophyidae
- Carsidaridae
- Homotomidae
- Phacopteronidae
- Psyllidae (jumping plant lice)
- Triozidae
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Suborder Heteroptera (with Coleorrhyncha)
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Dipsocoromorpha
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- Ceratocombidae
- Dipsocoridae
- Hypsipterygidae
- Schizopteridae
- Stemmocryptidae
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Enicocephalomorpha
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Enicocephaloidea
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- Aenictopecheidae
- Enicocephalidae (unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)
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Gerromorpha
(semiaquatic bugs)
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Gerroidea
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- Gerridae (water striders)
- Hermatobatidae
- Veliidae (riffle bugs)
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Hebroidea
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- Hebridae (velvet water bugs)
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Hydrometroidea
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- Hydrometridae (marsh treaders or water measurers)
- Macroveliidae
- Paraphrynoveliidae
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Mesovelioidea
(water treaders)
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- Madeoveliidae
- Mesoveliidae
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Leptopodomorpha
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- Saldidae (shore bugs)
- Leptopodidae (spiny shore bugs)
- Omaniidae
- Aepophilidae
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Nepomorpha
(true water bugs)
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Corixoidea
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- Corixidae (water boatmen)
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Nepoidea
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- Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)
- Nepidae (water scorpions, needle bugs)
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Ochteroidea
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- Gelastocoridae (toad bugs)
- Ochteridae (velvety shore bugs)
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Aphelocheiroidea
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- Aphelocheiridae
- Potamocoridae
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Naucoroidea
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- Naucoridae (creeping water bugs)
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Notonectoidea
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- Notonectidae (backswimmers)
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Pleoidea
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- Helotrephidae
- Pleidae (pygmy backswimmers)
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Peloridiomorpha
(Coleorrhyncha)
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Cimicomorpha
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Cimicoidea
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- Anthocoridae (minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)
- Cimicidae (bed bugs, bat bugs)
- Curaliidae (Curalium cronini)
- Joppeicidae
- Lasiochilidae
- Lyctocoridae
- Medocostidae
- Microphysidae
- Miridae (plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)
- Nabidae (damsel bugs)
- Pachynomidae
- Plokiophilidae
- Polyctenidae (old world bat bugs)
- Reduviidae (assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)
- Thaumastocoridae (royal palm bugs)
- Tingidae (lace bugs)
- Velocipedidae
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Pentatomomorpha
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Aradoidea
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- Aradidae (flat bugs)
- Termitaphididae (termite bugs)
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Pentatomoidea
(shield bugs)
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- Urostylididae
- Acanthosomatidae (shield bugs)
- Tessaratomidae (giant shield bugs and relatives)
- Dinidoridae
- Cydnidae (burrowing bugs)
- Thaumastellidae
- Parastrachiidae
- Corimelaenidae (includes ebony bugs)
- Lestoniidae
- Phloeidae
- Scutelleridae (jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)
- Plataspidae
- Pentatomidae (stink bugs)
- Canopidae
- Megarididae
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Coreoidea
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- Alydidae (broad-headed bugs)
- Coreidae (squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)
- Hyocephalidae
- Rhopalidae (scentless plant bugs)
- Stenocephalidae
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Lygaeoidea
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- Artheneidae
- Berytidae (stilt bugs)
- Blissidae
- Colobathristidae
- Cryptorhamphidae
- Cymidae
- Geocoridae
- Henicocoridae
- Heterogastridae
- Idiostolidae
- Lygaeidae (milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)
- Malcidae
- Ninidae
- Oxycarenidae
- Pachygronthidae
- Rhyparochromidae (atypical seed bugs)
- Piesmatidae (ash-grey leaf bugs)
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Pyrrhocoroidea
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- Pyrrhocoridae (red bugs, cotton stainers)
- Largidae (bordered plant bugs)
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Note: Coleorrhyncha are a different clade from Heteroptera. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as Prosorrhyncha.
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