malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes; one of the four major types of cancer (同)leukaemia, leucaemia, cancer of the blood
of or relating to lymphocytes; "lymphocytic leukemia"
Lymphoid leukemias are a group of leukemias affecting circulating lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells. The lymphocytic leukemias are closely related to lymphomas of the lymphocytes, to the point that some of them are unitary disease entities that can be called by either name (for example, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma). Such diseases are all lymphoproliferative disorders. Most lymphoid leukemias involve a particular subtype of lymphocytes, the B cells.
Contents
1Classification
1.1B-cell leukemias
1.2T-cell leukemias
1.3NK cell leukemia
1.3.1Diagnosis
1.3.2Treatment
2Diagnosis
3Treatment
3.1NK cell therapy
4References
5External links
Classification
Historically, they have been most commonly divided by the stage of maturation at which the clonal (neoplastic) lymphoid population stopped maturing:
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
However, the influential WHO Classification (published in 2001) emphasized a greater emphasis on cell lineage. To this end, lymphoid leukemias can also be divided by the type of cells affected:
B-cell leukemia
T-cell leukemia
NK-cell leukemia
The most common type of lymphoid leukemia is B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
B-cell leukemias
B-cell leukemia describes several different types of lymphoid leukemia which affect B cells.
85% of acute leukemias in childhood,[1] Less common in adults[1]
Lymphoblasts with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin, small nucleoli and scant cytoplasm without granules.[1]
TdT, CD19[1]
Usually presents as acute leukemia[1]
Other types include (with ICD-O code):
9826/3 – Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, mature B-cell type
9833/3 – B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
9940/3 – Hairy cell leukemia
T-cell leukemias
T-cell leukemia describes several different types of lymphoid leukemias which affect T cells.
The most common T-cell leukemia is precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia.[1] It causes 15% of acute leukemias in childhood, and also 40% of lymphomas in childhood.[1] It is most common in adolescent males.[1] Its morphology is identical to that of precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia.[1] Cell markers include TdT, CD2, CD7.[1] It often presents as a mediastinal mass because of involvement of the thymus.[1] It is highly associated with NOTCH1 mutations.[1]
Other types include:
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
In practice, it can be hard to distinguish T-cell leukemia from T-cell lymphoma, and they are often grouped together.
NK cell leukemia
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia (ANKL) is a lymphoid leukemia that is a deficiency NK cells. Not very much is known about this disease due to its rarity, but it is highly aggressive. Most patients will die within 2 years.[2]
Diagnosis
The requirements for diagnosing ANKL are as follows:[3]
Immature-looking NK cells
Certain immunophenotypes[4]
Germline configuration genes: TCR-β and IgH
Restricted cytotoxicity
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is an important factor when ANKL is being diagnosed along with T-cell leukemia. The TCR gene transcripts are normally positive for ANKL. [5] Current Research is attempting to find the causation of ANKL. So far, the researchers have concluded that lineage of the T-cell receptor gene does not predict the behavior of the disease.
Treatment
ANKL is treated similarly to most B-cell lymphomas. Anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimens are commonly offered as the initial therapy. Some patients may receive a stem cell transplant. [6][7]
Most patients will die 2 years after diagnosis.[2]
Diagnosis
Flow cytometry is a diagnostic tool in order to count/visualize the amount of lymphatic cells in the body. T cells, B cells and NK cells are nearly impossible to distinguish under a microscope, therefore one must use a flow cytometer to distinguish them.
Treatment
NK cell therapy
Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is used in pediatrics for children with relapsed lymphoid leukemia. These patients normally have a resistance to chemotherapy, therefore, in order to continue on, must receive some kind of therapy. In some cases, NK cell therapy is a choice.[8]
NK cells are known for their ability to eradicate tumor cells without any prior sensitization to them.[9] One problem when using NK cells in order to fight off lymphoid leukemia is the fact that it is hard to amount enough of them to be effective.[9] One can receive donations of NK cells from parents or relatives through bone marrow transplants. There are also the issues of cost, purity and safety.[10] Unfortunately, there is always the possibility of Graft vs host disease while transplanting bone marrow.
NK cell therapy is a possible treatment for many different cancers such as Malignant glioma.[11]
References
^ abcdefghijklmnopTable 12-8 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7. 8th edition.
^ abSuzuki R, Suzumiya J, Yamaguchi M, Nakamura S, Kameoka J, Kojima H, Abe M, Kinoshita T, Yoshino T, Iwatsuki K, Kagami Y, Tsuzuki T, Kurokawa M, Ito K, Kawa K, Oshimi K (May 2010). "Prognostic factors for mature natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms: aggressive NK cell leukemia and extranodal NK cell lymphoma, nasal type". Ann. Oncol. 21 (5): 1032–40. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp418. PMID 19850638.
^Oshimi K (July 2003). "Leukemia and lymphoma of natural killer lineage cells". Int. J. Hematol. 78 (1): 18–23. doi:10.1007/bf02983235. PMID 12894846.
^Landay AL, Muirhead KA (July 1989). "Procedural guidelines for performing immunophenotyping by flow cytometry". Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 52 (1): 48–60. doi:10.1016/0090-1229(89)90192-x. PMID 2656019.
^Hong M, Lee T, Young Kang S, Kim SJ, Kim W, Ko YH (May 2016). "Nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphomas are more frequently T rather than NK lineage based on T-cell receptor gene, RNA, and protein studies: lineage does not predict clinical behavior". Mod. Pathol. 29 (5): 430–43. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2016.47. PMID 27015135.
^Mercadal S, Briones J, Xicoy B, Pedro C, Escoda L, Estany C, Camós M, Colomo L, Espinosa I, Martínez S, Ribera JM, Martino R, Gutiérrez-García G, Montserrat E, López-Guillermo A (May 2008). "Intensive chemotherapy (high-dose CHOP/ESHAP regimen) followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation in previously untreated patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma". Ann. Oncol. 19 (5): 958–63. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn022. PMID 18303032.
^Reimer P, Schertlin T, Rüdiger T, Geissinger E, Roth S, Kunzmann V, Weissinger F, Nerl C, Schmitz N, Müller-Hermelink HK, Wilhelm M (2004). "Myeloablative radiochemotherapy followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation as first-line therapy in peripheral T-cell lymphomas: first results of a prospective multicenter study". Hematol. J. 5 (4): 304–11. doi:10.1038/sj.thj.6200359. PMID 15297846.
^Rubnitz JE, Inaba H, Kang G, Gan K, Hartford C, Triplett BM, Dallas M, Shook D, Gruber T, Pui CH, Leung W (August 2015). "Natural killer cell therapy in children with relapsed leukemia". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 62 (8): 1468–72. doi:10.1002/pbc.25555. PMC 4634362. PMID 25925135.
^ abSakamoto, N; Ishikawa, T; Kokura, S; Okayama, T; Oka, K; Ideno, M; Sakai, F; Kato, A; Tanabe, M; Enoki, T; Mineno, J; Naito, Y; Itoh, Y; Yoshikawa, T (2015). "Phase I clinical trial of autologous NK cell therapy using novel expansion method in patients with advanced digestive cancer". Journal of Translational Medicine. 13: 277. doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0632-8. PMC 4548900. PMID 26303618.
^Bachanova, Veronika; Miller, Jeffrey S. (2014). "NK Cells in Therapy of Cancer". Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis. 19 (1–2): 133–41. doi:10.1615/CritRevOncog.2014011091. PMC 4066212. PMID 24941379.
^Ogbomo, Henry; Cinatl, Jindrich; Mody, Christopher H.; Forsyth, Peter A. (2011). "Immunotherapy in gliomas: Limitations and potential of natural killer (NK) cell therapy". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 17 (8): 433. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.03.004. PMID 21507717.
Expression of thioredoxin-1 (TXN) and its relation with oxidative DNA damage and treatment outcome in adult AML and ALL: A comparative study.
Kamal AM1, El-Hefny NH1, Hegab HM2, El-Mesallamy HO1.
Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Hematology.2016 Dec;21(10):567-575. Epub 2016 May 9.
OBJECTIVE: Thioredoxin-1 (TXN) is a key element in the elimination of reactive oxygen species as well as activation of tumor suppressor genes and DNA repair enzymes. Several studies showed that TXN was over expressed in solid tumors and this was correlated to poorer prognosis. However, TXN expressio
Mantle cell lymphoma-variant Richter syndrome: Detailed molecular-cytogenetic and backtracking analysis reveals slow evolution of a pre-MCL clone in parallel with CLL over several years.
International journal of cancer.Int J Cancer.2016 Nov 15;139(10):2252-60. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30263. Epub 2016 Aug 2.
Richter syndrome represents the transformation of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into an aggressive lymphoma, most frequently the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In this report we describe a patient with CLL, who developed a clonally-related pleomorphic highly-aggressive mantle cell l
Expert-reviewed information summary about the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ... In CLL, too many blood stem cells become abnormal lymphocytes and do not become healthy white blood cells. The abnormal ...
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia — Comprehensive overview covers symptoms and treatment of this cancer. ... Mayo Clinic in Minnesota has been recognized as one of the top Cancer hospitals in the nation for 2015-2016 by U.S ...
