WordNet

the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue; "the company operated at a loss last year"; "the company operated in the red last year" (同)red ink, red
gradual decline in amount or activity; "weight loss"; "a serious loss of business"
something that is lost; "the car was a total loss"; "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt"
the disadvantage that results from losing something; "his loss of credibility led to his resignation"; "losing him is no great deprivation" (同)deprivation
the act of losing someone or something; "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock"
the experience of losing a loved one; "he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather"
the perceptual experience of seeing; "the runners emerged from the trees into his clear vision"; "he had a visual sensation of intense light" (同)visual_sensation
a religious or mystical experience of a supernatural appearance; "he had a vision of the Virgin Mary"
a vivid mental image; "he had a vision of his own death"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…を)『失うこと』,紛失《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『損害』,損失;損失額《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に)『負けること』,(…の)敗北;失敗《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(状態・程度の)『減少』,低下 / 《複数形で》(戦場における)(人の)損害,此傷者数
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
{U}『視力』,視覚 / 〈C〉《単数形で》《文》非常に美しい光景(人など) / 〈U〉(将来への)『見通し』,先見の明;想像力,直観力 / 〈C〉『心に描くもの』,空想,想像 / 〈C〉(…についての)考え,見解《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(…の)『幻』,幻影《+of+名》
負ける,損をする,勝ち目がない
OLD French古[代]フランス語

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/13 14:29:06」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Vision loss or visual loss is the absence of vision where it existed before, which can happen either acutely (i.e. abruptly) or chronically (i.e. over a long period of time).

Ranges of vision loss[edit]

Various scales have been developed to describe the extent of vision and vision loss based on visual acuity.^[1] Early editions of the World Health Organization's ICD described a simple distinction between "legally sighted" and "legally blind".^[1] The ICD-9 released in 1979 introduced the smallest continuous scale which consisted of three tiers: normal vision, low vision, and blindness.^[2]

Acute visual loss[edit]

Acute visual loss may be dramatic in presentation. It may be caused by media opacities, retinal disease, optic nerve disease, visual pathway disorders, or functional disorders, or it may be in fact an acute discovery of chronic visual loss.

Media opacity[edit]

Opacities of the clear refractive media of the eye such as the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous humor may cause acute visual loss as manifested by blurry vision or reduced visual acuity. While pupillary reflexes may be affected, these conditions generally do not cause a relative afferent pupillary defect.

Causes of media opacity include corneal edema, hyphema, cataract and vitreous hemorrhage.

Retinal disease[edit]

Retinal diseases may cause sudden visual loss. Because the retina is being affected, there is usually a concomitant relative afferent pupillary defect. Conditions that affect or destroy the retina include retinal detachment; macular disease (e.g., macular degeneration); and retinal vascular occlusions, the most important of which is central retinal artery occlusion. Current research (2013) has raised the possibility of complete regeneration of the retina. (see Retinal regeneration)

Optic nerve disease[edit]

Diseases which affect the optic nerve may cause acute visual loss. Signs include an abnormal pupillary reflex, with an afferent pupillary defect when the optic nerve disease is unilateral. It can also be caused by strobe light.

The optic nerve can be affected by many diseases including optic neuritis, retrobulbar neuritis, papillitis, papilledema, glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, and giant cell arteritis.

Hypoxia[edit]

The eye is very sensitive to restriction of its supply of oxygen. A dimming of vision (a brownout or greyout) accompanied by loss of peripheral perception may result from low blood pressure, shock, g-LOC (an aviation related problem) or simply standing up suddenly, especially if sick or otherwise infirm. Vision usually returns readily once the conditions restricting blood flow are lifted.

Visual pathway disorder[edit]

Visual pathway disorders are any problems that may impede the visual pathway. Rarely, acute visual loss is caused by homonymous hemianopia and, more rarely, cortical blindness.

Also traumatic causes can lead to Acute Vision Loss.

Functional disorder[edit]

The term functional disorder is now used where hysterical and malingering were historically used. This shift recognizes the inherent inability of the physician to identify the subjective experience of a patient (and thus whether that patient can truly see or not).

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b International Council of Ophthalmology. "International Standards: Visual Standards — Aspects and Ranges of Vision Loss with Emphasis on Popular Surveys." April 2002.
^ World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9), World Health Organization, Geneva, 1977.

External links[edit]

AFB Senior Site Expanding possibilities for people with vision loss
CDC's "Learn the Signs. Act Early." campaign - Information for parents on early childhood development and developmental disabilities such as vision loss
Living with Vision Loss - American Foundation for the Blind
VisionAWARE - Self Help for Vision Loss Independence for adults with low vision
Living with sight loss (RNIB)
International Standards: "Visual Standards - Aspects and Ranges of Vision Loss" - International Council of Ophthalmology
Catalan Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired
LowVision.com Low Vision online informational resource center and referral hub
Center for the Partially Sighted Low Vision Information and Resources
Cleveland Sight Center Services for people with vision loss

UpToDate Contents

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1. 急性持続性視力喪失が認められた成人に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute persistent visual loss
2. 一過性黒内障（一過性単眼または両眼視力低下） amaurosis fugax transient monocular or binocular visual loss
3. 小児における急性視力低下へのアプローチ approach to acute vision loss in children
4. 成人における視覚障害：屈折障害と老視 visual impairment in adults refractive disorders and presbyopia
5. 網膜色素変性症：臨床症状および診断 retinitis pigmentosa clinical presentation and diagnosis

English Journal

Blindness caused by septic superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis in a Lemierre Syndrome variant.

Akiyama K, Karaki M, Samukawa Y, Mori N.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun Miki-cho Ikenobe 1750-1, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Mitoyo General Hospital, Mitoyo-shi Toyohama-cho Himehama 708, Kagawa 769-1695, Japan. Electronic address: kakaka@med.kagawa-u.ac.jp.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2013 Oct;40(5):493-6. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2012.09.006. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
A 65-year-old man presented with right facial cellulitis and right blindness. Enhanced CT and MRI showed right facial cellulitis involved with pterigopalatine fossa. Additionally, orbital cellulitis, superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, and pulmonary multiple nodules were observed. (18)F-FDG PET/CT
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Recent advances in understanding the biology, epidemiology and control of chlamydial infections in koalas.

Polkinghorne A, Hanger J, Timms P.SourceInstitute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4059, Australia. Electronic address: a.polkinghorne@qut.edu.au.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2013 Aug 30;165(3-4):214-23. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.026. Epub 2013 Mar 1.
The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is recognised as a threatened wildlife species in various parts of Australia. A major contributing factor to the decline and long-term viability of affected populations is disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia. Two chlamydial species infe
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Hyaluronan-modified core-shell liponanoparticles targeting CD44-positive retinal pigment epithelium cells via intravitreal injection.

Gan L, Wang J, Zhao Y, Chen D, Zhu C, Liu J, Gan Y.SourceShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Aug;34(24):5978-87. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.035. Epub 2013 May 13.
Retinal inflammation, a common process of posterior ocular diseases, may lead to severe vision loss or even blindness. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are generally considered as the therapeutic target of inflammation pathogenesis. However, the lack of retina-specific distribution for general
PMID 23680367

Japanese Journal

共用IPネットワークを用いたSHV映像の高速・高信頼伝送 (ネットワークシステム)

木村直宏,小河原成哲,藤井竜也
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 : 信学技報 112(287), 1-6, 2012-11-15
NAID 40019523322

マルチストリーム技術を用いたリアルタイム多視点裸眼立体映像の作成と評価(可変焦点表示,アーク3D表示,DFD表示),および3Dで分かっていないこと(立体映像技術一般)

追永侑平,若原徹
映像情報メディア学会技術報告 36(43), 53-56, 2012-10-23
従来の多視点裸眼立体映像の作成法では,多視点動画をタイル化した中間画像を作るため,画素値の欠落による映像品質の低下が問題となっている.これはMPEGファイルで中間画像を作成するにはフルハイビジョン以上の解像度を確保することができず,タイル化の際に画像を縮小して張り付けることに起因する.本報告では,マルチストリーム技術を用いて,リアルタイムで各視点の画素値を直接取得してブレンド処理を施すことで中間画 …
NAID 110009554714