関: Lithospermi Radix

WordNet

plant by the roots
(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground
a number that, when multiplied by itself some number of times, equals a given number
cause to take roots
take root and begin to grow; "this plant roots quickly"
(linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem" (同)root word, base, stem, theme, radical
the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jaw and serves as support (同)tooth_root
come into existence, originate; "The problem roots in her depression"
the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage; "his roots in Texas go back a long way"; "he went back to Sweden to search for his roots"; "his music has African roots"
annual or perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants; cosmopolitan except Australia (同)genus Lithospermum
the process of putting forth roots and beginning to grow

PrepTutorEJDIC

《しばしば複数形で》『根』 / 『根元』 / 《the~》『根源』,根本;根底 / 《複数形で》(その人の根底にある)ある場所との根源的なつながり / (数学で)根,ルート / (派生語の)語根(例えばrootlessの中のroot) / 〈植物〉‘を'『根づかせる』 / 《しばしば受動態で》(根をおろしたように)(…に)…‘を'『定着させる』『+『名』+『to』(『in』)+『名』》 / (…に)『根を下ろす』,定着する《+『in』(『on』,『to』)+『名』》
〈豚などが〉(…をあさって)鼻で地面を掘る《+『about』(『around』)『for』+『名』》 / (…を捜して)〈人が〉かき回す《+『about for』+『名』》
(…を)声援する,(…の)成功を願う《+『for』+『名』》
《補語にのみ用いて》(植物が)根づいた / (考えなどが)定着した

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/07 09:58:59」(JST)

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Lithospermum erythrorhizon, with flowers

Lithospermum erythrorhizon, the purple gromwell, red-root gromwell, 紫草 zicao (Pinyin: zǐcǎo), 紫草 murasaki･sō (Japanese) is a plant species in the genus Lithospermum.

The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (lithospermum root or Lithospermi Radix, Kanji: 紫根, Katakana: シコン, Pinyin: zǐ gēn, Traditional Chinese: 紫根, Simplified Chinese: 紫根) is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).^[1]^[2]

Biochemistry

The enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase utilizes geranyl diphosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate to produce 3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and diphosphate. Biosynthetically, alkannin is produced in plants from the intermediates 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and geranyl pyrophosphate. This enzyme is involved in shikonin biosynthesis.

The enzyme geranylhydroquinone 3''-hydroxylase uses geranylhydroquinone, NADPH, H⁺ and O₂ to produce 3-hydroxygeranylhydroquinone, NADP⁺ and H₂O.

References

^ Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810-16.
^ Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197-202.

External links

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English Journal

Inhibitory effects of β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.

Wu YY, Wan LH, Zheng XW, Shao ZJ, Chen J, Chen XJ, Liu LT, Kuang WJ, Tan XS, Zhou LM.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Phytotherapy research : PTR.Phytother Res.2012 May;26(5):764-71. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3623. Epub 2011 Nov 23.
β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin is one of the most abundant naphthoquinones in the root extracts of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (Boraginaceae), which have been reported to have antitumor effects. This study evaluated the antiproliferative activity of β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin on human he
PMID 22109831

Novel Multiple Apoptotic Mechanism of Shikonin in Human Glioma Cells.

Chen CH, Lin ML, Ong PL, Yang JT.SourceDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
Annals of surgical oncology.Ann Surg Oncol.2012 Mar 24. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Shikonin is the main naphthoquinone compound of the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Our previous study demonstrated that shikonin possesses anticancer activity in human hepatoma cells. However, the anticancer mechanism of shikonin in human glioma cells is unclear at present. In the p
PMID 22446899

Japanese Journal

異なる土壌水分環境下におけるムラサキ(Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold et Zucc.)の生育およびshikonin誘導体含量

林茂樹,菱田敦之,渕野裕之,竹脇大気,和田浩志,京極春樹,川原信夫
生薬學雜誌 68(2), 58-64, 2014-08-20
… The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, which contains shikonin derivatives, has been used for a crude drug and traditionally to make purple dyes. … Root dry weight in the vinyl film mulch plot (155kg/10a) and shikonin derivatives content in the living mulch plot (4.32mg/g) were significantly increased compared with those in the control plot (120kg/10a, 2.90mg/g). …
NAID 110009838886

Tigloylshikonin, a New Minor Shikonin Derivative, from the Roots and the Commercial Root Extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon

Ito Yusai,Onobori Kenichi,Yamazaki Takeshi [他],Kawamura Yoko
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 59(1), 117-119, 2011
… Tigloylshikonin, a new shikonin derivative esterified with tiglic acid ((E)-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid), was isolated as a minor pigment from a food colorant "Shikon color," a commercial root extract from Lithospermum erythrorhizon SIEBOLD et ZUCCARINI. …
NAID 130000405500

ムラサキの根における表面積/重量比がエーテルエキス含有率へ及ぼす影響

林茂樹,菱田敦之,京極春樹 [他],小野好一,柴田敏郎
生薬學雜誌 64(2), 61-67, 2010-08-20
… The supply of roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold et Zucc., which have been used for a crude drug, depends almost entirely on the collection of wild plants in China. …
NAID 110008685896

「紫根」

Lithospermum erythrorhizon
	Leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	(unplaced)
Family:	Boraginaceae
Subfamily:	Boraginoideae
Genus:	Lithospermum
Species:	L. erythrorhizon
Binomial name
	Lithospermum erythrorhizon; Siebold & Zucc. 1846