関: Boraginaceae

WordNet

annual or perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants; cosmopolitan except Australia (同)genus Lithospermum
a widely distributed family of plants distinguished by circinate flowers and nutlike fruit (同)family Boraginaceae, borage family

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/07 20:07:17」(JST)

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Lithospermum is a genus of plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. The genus is distributed nearly worldwide, but most are native to the Americas and the center of diversity is in the southwestern United States and Mexico.^[1] Species are known generally as gromwells or stoneseeds.

Some species, such as Lithospermum arvense, are sometimes classified in the genus Buglossoides, but that genus is subsumed into Lithospermum by works such as the Flora of China.^[2] In addition, a 2010 molecular study showed that the genus Onosmodium should be included within Lithospermum.^[1]

The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).^[3]^[4] Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum is native to Japan, where it has been traditionally been used to make a purple dye.

Lithospermum leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the moth Ethmia pusiella which has been recorded on L. officinale.

Diversity

There are about 50^[2] to 60^[5] species in the genus.

Species include:^[2]^[6]^[7]

Lithospermum arvense (syn. Buglossoides arvensis) - field gromwell, corn gromwell
Lithospermum azuayensis^[8]
Lithospermum bejariense - western marbleseed
Lithospermum bolivariensis^[8]
Lithospermum californicum - California stoneseed
Lithospermum calycosum - Chinati stoneseed
Lithospermum canescens - hoary puccoon, Indian-paint
Lithospermum caroliniense - Carolina gromwell, hairy puccoon
Lithospermum cobrense - smooththroat stoneseed
Lithospermum confine - Arizona stoneseed
Lithospermum cuzcoensis^[8]
Lithospermum erythrorhizon - purple gromwell, red-root gromwell, 紫草 zicao (Pinyin: zǐcǎo), 紫草 murasaki･sō (Japanese)
Lithospermum hancockianum
Lithospermum incisum - narrowleaf stoneseed, fringed gromwell
Lithospermum latifolium - American stoneseed
Lithospermum leymebambensis^[8]
Lithospermum macbridei
Lithospermum matamorense - rough stoneseed
Lithospermum mirabile - San Antonio stoneseed
Lithospermum multiflorum - manyflowered stoneseed
Lithospermum obtusifolium - roundleaf stoneseed
Lithospermum officinale - European stoneseed
Lithospermum parksii - Parks' stoneseed
Lithospermum prostratum
Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum (syn. Buglossoides purpurocaerulea) - purple gromwell
Lithospermum rodriguezii^[8]
Lithospermum ruderale - western stoneseed, Columbia puccoon, wayside gromwell, whiteweed
Lithospermum tuberosum - southern stoneseed, tuberous gromwell
Lithospermum viride - green stoneseed

References

^ ^a ^b Cohen, J. I. and J. I. Davis. (2009). Nomenclatural changes in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships. Brittonia 61(2), 101-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Lithospermum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 132. 1753.". Flora of China.
^ Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810-16.
^ Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197-202.
^ Cohen, J. I., (2012). Comparative floral development in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly. American Journal of Botany 99(5), 797-805.
^ GRIN Species Records of Lithospermum. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
^ Lithospermum. USDA PLANTS: North American species.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Weigend, M., et al. (2010). Five new species of Lithospermum L.(Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) in Andean South America: another radiation in the Amotape-Huancabamba zone. Taxon 59(4), 1161-79.

External links

"Gromwell". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lithospermum.

English Journal

The inhibitory effect of shikonin on the agonist-induced regulation of vascular contractility.

Je HD1, Kim HD2, La HO3.
Biomolecules & therapeutics.Biomol Ther (Seoul).2015 May;23(3):233-7. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.148. Epub 2015 May 1.
Shikonin, a natural flavonoid found in the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been shown to possess many biological functions. The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of shikonin on vascular smooth muscle contractility and to determine the mechanism involved. Denuded aort
PMID 25995821

Two new dimeric naphthoquinones with neuraminidase inhibitory activity from Lithospermum erythrorhizon.

Yang Y1, Zhao D, Yuan K, Zhou G, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Wang C, Xu J, Yang W.
Natural product research.Nat Prod Res.2015 May;29(10):908-13. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.957695. Epub 2014 Sep 5.
The crude methanol extract of roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon was subjected to successive chromatographic fractionation which afforded two new dimeric naphthoquinone derivatives shikometabolin E (2) and shikometabolin F (3) as well as one known compound shikometabolin A (1). The structures of co
PMID 25190151

Shikonin inhibits the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migration of the human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 via the Toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway.

Liu JP1, Liu D, Gu JF, Zhu MM, Cui L.
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology.J Pharm Pharmacol.2015 Apr 16. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12402. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVES: Shikonin is an active naphthoquinone pigment isolated from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. This study was designed to explore the inhibition of Shikonin on cell viability, adhesion, migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer (GC) and its possible mechanism.METHODS: 3-(4,5-D
PMID 25880237

Japanese Journal

キラルカラムを用いたshikonin類の分析と、硬紫根、軟紫根におけるshikonin類の光学異性体比の特徴を利用した(R)-shikonin及び(S)-shikoninの効率的生産

松本恵実,牧岡富広,柳瀬笑子,中塚進一
日本食品化学学会誌 21(1), 65-71, 2014-04-25
… "Koshikon" (the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon) and "Nanshikon" (the roots of Arnebia euchroma) have been used as natural dye and medicine. …
NAID 110009810367

キラルカラムを用いたshikonin類の分析と、硬紫根、軟紫根におけるshikonin類の光学異性体比の特徴を利用した(R)-shikonin及び(S)-shikoninの効率的生産

松本恵実,牧岡富広,柳瀬笑子 [他]
日本食品化学学会誌 21(1), 65-71, 2014
NAID 40020099140

ムラサキ(Lithospermum erythrorhizon)苗生産法の開発

小山田智彰,山内貴義,鞍懸重和
岩手県環境保健研究センター年報 (12), 83-88, 2012
NAID 40019948060

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ムラサキ属」「リソスペルマム属」「Boraginaceae」
拡張検索	「Lithospermum属」

「ムラサキ属」

Lithospermum
	Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	(unplaced)
Family:	Boraginaceae
Subfamily:	Boraginoideae
Genus:	Lithospermum
Species
	about 50-60, see text

　　[★]

ラ: Lithospermum
関: ムラサキ科、Lithospermum属、リソスペルマム属

「リソスペルマム属」

　　[★]

ラ: Lithospermum
関: ムラサキ属、Lithospermum属

「Boraginaceae」

　　[★]

ムラサキ科

関: Lithospermum

「Lithospermum属」

　　[★]

ラ: Lithospermum
関: ムラサキ属、リソスペルマム属

[coh-1] Cohen, J. I. and J. I. Davis. (2009). Nomenclatural changes in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships. Brittonia 61(2), 101-11.

[foc-2] "Lithospermum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 132. 1753.". Flora of China.

[3] Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810-16.

[4] Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197-202.

[coh12-5] Cohen, J. I., (2012). Comparative floral development in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly. American Journal of Botany 99(5), 797-805.

[6] GRIN Species Records of Lithospermum. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

[7] Lithospermum. USDA PLANTS: North American species.

[we-8] Weigend, M., et al. (2010). Five new species of Lithospermum L.(Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) in Andean South America: another radiation in the Amotape-Huancabamba zone. Taxon 59(4), 1161-79.

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案内

案内

Lithospermum