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Lenalidomide /ˌlɛnəˈlɪdoʊmaɪd/ (trade name Revlimid) is a derivative of thalidomide introduced in 2004.

It was initially intended as a treatment for multiple myeloma, for which thalidomide is an accepted therapeutic treatment. Lenalidomide has also shown efficacy in the class of hematological disorders known as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Along with several other drugs developed in recent years, lenalidomide has significantly improved overall survival in myeloma (which formerly carried a poor prognosis), although toxicity remains an issue for users. ^[1] It costs $163,381 per year for the average patient.^[2]

Medical uses

Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the blood, characterized by accumulation of a plasma cell clone in the bone marrow.^[3] Lenalidomide is one of the novel drug agents used to treat multiple myeloma. It is a more potent molecular analog of thalidomide, which inhibits tumor angiogenesis, tumor secreted cytokines and tumor proliferation through the induction of apoptosis.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Compared to placebo, lenalidomide is effective at inducing a complete or "very good partial" response as well as improving progression-free survival. Adverse events more common in people receiving lenalidomide for myeloma were neutropenia (a decrease in the white blood cell count), deep vein thrombosis, infections, and an increased risk of other hematological malignancies.^[7] The risk of second primary hematological malignancies does not outweigh the benefit of using lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.^[8] It may be more difficult to mobilize stem cells for autograft in people who have received lenalidomide.^[9]

On 29 June 2006, lenalidomide received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for use in combination with dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy.^[10]

On 23 April 2009, The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) issued a Final Appraisal Determination (FAD) approving lenalidomide, in combination with dexamethasone, as an option to treat patients who suffer from multiple myeloma who have received two or more prior therapies in England and Wales.^[11]

On 5 June 2013 the FDA designated lenalidomide as a specialty drug requiring a specialty pharmacy distribution for "use in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in patients whose disease has relapsed or progressed after 2 prior therapies, 1 of which included bortezomib." Revlimid is only available through specialty pharmacy, "a restricted distribution program in conjunction with a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) due to potential for embryo-fetal risk."^[12]

Myelodysplastic syndromes

With myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), the best results of lenalidomide were obtained in patients with deletion 5q.^[13]

It was approved by the FDA on December 27, 2005 for patients with low or intermediate-1 risk MDS with 5q- with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities. A completed Phase II, multi-centre, single-arm, open-label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Revlimid monotherapy treatment for achieving haematopoietic improvement in red blood cell (RBC) transfusion dependent subjects with low- or intermediate-1-risk MDS associated with a deletion 5q cytogenetic abnormality.

63.8% of subjects had achieved RBC-transfusion independence accompanied by a median increase of 5.8 g/dL in blood Hgb concentration from baseline to the maximum value during the response period. Major cytogenetic responses were observed in 44.2% and minor cytogenetic responses were observed in 24.2% of the evaluable subjects. Improvements in bone marrow morphology were also observed. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of Revlimid for the treatment of subjects with Low- or Intermediate-1-risk MDS and an associated del 5 cytogenetic abnormality.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Lenalidomide was approved on June 17, 2013 by the European Medicines Agency for use in low- or intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients who have the deletion 5q cytogenetic abnormality and no other cytogenetic abnormalities, are dependent on red blood cell transfusions, and for whom other treatment options have been found to be insufficient or inadequate.^[16]

Other cancers

Lenalidomide is undergoing clinical trial as a treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma,^[17] as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and solid tumor cancers, such as carcinoma of the pancreas.^[18] One Phase 3 clinical trial being conducted by Celgene in elderly patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia was halted in July 2013 when a disproportionate number of cancer deaths were observed during treatment with lenalidomide versus patients treated with chlorambucil.^[19]

Adverse effects

Lenalidomide is related to thalidomide which is known to be teratogenic. Tests in monkeys have suggested lenalidomide is also teratogenic.^[20] It therefore has the pregnancy category X and cannot be prescribed for women who are pregnant or who might be conceiving. For this reason, the drug is only available in the United States (under the name Revlimid) through a restricted distribution system called RevAssist.

Other potential side effects are thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, and hepatotoxicity, as well as bone marrow toxicity resulting in neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Myelosuppression is the major dose-limiting toxicity, which is contrary to experience with thalidomide.^[21]

Venous thromboembolism

Lenalidomide, like its parent compound thalidomide, may cause venous thromboembolism (VTE), a potentially serious complication with their use. Bennett et al. have reviewed incidents of lenalidomide-associated VTE among patients with multiple myeloma.^[22] They have found that there are high rates of VTE when patients with multiple myeloma received thalidomide or lenalidomide in conjunction with dexamethasone, melphalan, or doxorubicin. When lenalidomide and dexamethasone are used to treat multiple myeloma, a median of 14% of patients had VTE (range,3-75%). Patients who took prophylaxis to treat lenalidomide-associated VTE, such as aspirin, thromboembolism rates were found to be lower than without prophylaxis, frequently lower than 10%. Clearly, thromboembolism is a serious adverse drug reaction associated with lenalidomide, as well as thalidomide. In fact, a black box warning is included in the package insert for lenalidomide, indicating that lenalidomide-dexamethasone treatment for multiple myeloma is complicated by high rates of thromboembolism.

Currently, clinical trials are underway to further test the efficacy of lenalidomide to treat multiple myeloma and how to prevent the lenalidomide associated venous thromboembolism.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

In March 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) included lenalidomide on a list of 20 prescription drugs under investigation for potential safety problems. The drug is being investigated for possibly increasing the risk of developing Stevens–Johnson syndrome, a life-threatening condition affecting the skin.^[23]

FDA ongoing safety review

As of 2011, the FDA has initiated an ongoing review of Revlimid. The review focuses on clinical trials which found that Revlimid caused an increased risk of developing new malignancies such as acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and B-cell lymphoma.^[2] The FDA is currently advising all patients on Revlimid to continue their treatment.^[24]

Mechanism of action

Lenalidomide has been used to successfully treat both inflammatory disorders and cancers in the past 10 years. There are multiple mechanisms of action, and they can be simplified by organizing them as mechanisms of action in vitro and in vivo.^[25]In vitro, lenalidomide has three main activities: direct anti-tumor effect, inhibition of angiogenesis, and immunomodulatory role. In vivo, lenalidomide induces tumor cell apoptosis directly and indirectly by inhibition of bone marrow stromal cell support, by anti-angiogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic effects, and by immunomodulatory activity. Lenalidomide has a broad range of activities that can be exploited to treat many hematologic and solid cancers.

On a molecular level, Lenalidomide has been shown to interact with the ubiquitin E3 ligase Cereblon^[26] and target this enzyme to degrade the Ikaros transcription factors IKZF1 and IKZF3.^[27] This mechanism was unexpected as it suggests that the major action of lenalidomide is to re-target the activity of an enzyme rather than block the activity of a enzyme or signaling process and thereby represents a novel mode of drug action. A more specific implication of this mechanism is that the teratogenic and anti-neoplastic properties of lenalidomide, and perhaps other thalidomide derivatives, might be dissociated.

Synthesis

The low level of research that continued on thalidomide, in spite of its ill repute, unexpectedly showed that the compound affected immune function. The drug was, for example, recently approved by the FDA for treatment of complications from leprosy; it has also been investigated as an adjunct for treating some malignancies. Recent research on related compounds has revealed a series that inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α).

Lenalidomide synthesis:^[28]

Price

In 2013 the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) rejected lenalidomide for "use in the treatment of people with a specific type of the bone marrow disorder myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)" in England and Scotland, arguing that Celegene "did not provide enough evidence to justify the £3,780 per month (USD$5746.73) price-tag of lenalidomide for use in the treatment of people with a specific type of the bone marrow disorder myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)".^[29] Revlimid made almost $3.8bn for Celgene in 2012.^[29]

References

^ McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Hofmeister CC, Hurd DD, Hassoun H, Richardson PG, Giralt S, Stadtmauer EA, Weisdorf DJ, Vij R, Moreb JS, Callander NS, Van Besien K, Gentile T, Isola L, Maziarz RT, Gabriel DA, Bashey A, Landau H, Martin T, Qazilbash MH, Levitan D, McClune B, Schlossman R, Hars V, Postiglione J, Jiang C, Bennett E, Barry S, Bressler L, Kelly M, Seiler M, Rosenbaum C, Hari P, Pasquini MC, Horowitz MM, Shea TC, Devine SM, Anderson KC, Linker C (2012). "Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma". N. Engl. J. Med. 366 (19): 1770–81. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1114083. PMC 3744390. PMID 22571201.
^ ^a ^b Badros, Ashraf Z. Badros (May 10, 2012). "Lenalidomide in Myeloma — A High-Maintenance Friend". N Engl J Med 366 (19): 1836–1838. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1202819. PMID 22571206.
^ Armoiry X, Aulagner G, Facon T (June 2008). "Lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a review". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 33 (3): 219–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00920.x. PMID 18452408.
^ Li S, Gill N, Lentzsch S. Recent advances of IMiDs in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Oncol. 2010 Nov;22(6):579-85. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32833d752c. Review.PubMed PMID 20689431.
^ Tageja N. Lenalidomide - current understanding of mechanistic properties. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2011 Mar;11(3):315-26. Review. PubMed PMID 21426296.
^ Kotla V, Goel S, Nischal S, Heuck C, Vivek K, Das B, Verma A. Mechanism of action of lenalidomide in hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2009 Aug 12;2:36. doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-36. Review. PubMed PMID 19674465; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2736171.
^ Yang, B; Yu, RL; Chi, XH; Lu, XC (2013). "Lenalidomide treatment for multiple myeloma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.". PLoS ONE 8 (5): e64354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064354. PMC 3653900. PMID 23691202.
^ Dimopoulos, MA; Richardson, PG; Brandenburg, N; Yu, Z; Weber, DM; Niesvizky, R; Morgan, GJ (Mar 22, 2012). "A review of second primary malignancy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide.". Blood 119 (12): 2764–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-373514. PMID 22323483.
^ Li, Shirong; Gill, Navkiranjit; Lentzsch, Suzanne (November 2010). "Recent advances of IMiDs in cancer therapy". Current Opinion in Oncology 22 (6): 579–585. doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e32833d752c. PMID 20689431.
^ "FDA approves lenalidomide oral capsules (Revlimid) for use in combination with dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma". FDA. 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
^ "REVLIMID Receives Positive Final Appraisal Determination from National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) for Use in the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales". Reuters. April 23, 2009.
^ Ness, Stacey (13 March 2014). "New Specialty Drugs". Pharmacy Times. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
^ ^a ^b List A, Kurtin S, Roe DJ, et al. (February 2005). "Efficacy of lenalidomide in myelodysplastic syndromes". The New England Journal of Medicine 352 (6): 549–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041668. PMID 15703420.
^ List AF (August 2005). "Emerging data on IMiDs in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)". Seminars in Oncology 32 (4 Suppl 5): S31–5. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.06.020. PMID 16085015.
^ List A, Dewald G, Bennett J, et al. (October 2006). "Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion". The New England Journal of Medicine 355 (14): 1456–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061292. PMID 17021321.
^ "Revlimid Approved In Europe For Use In Myelodysplastic Syndromes". The MDS Beacon. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
^ "Phase II Study of Lenalidomide for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin's Lymphoma". ClinicalTrials.gov. US National Institutes of Health. February 2009.
^ "276 current clinical trials world-wide, both recruiting and fully enrolled, as of 27 February 2009". ClinicalTrials.gov. US National Institutes of Health. February 2009.
^ "Celgene Discontinues Phase 3 Revlimid Study after 'Imbalance' of Deaths". Nasdaq. July 18, 2013.
^ "Revlimid Summary of Product Characteristics. Annex I" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2012. p. 6.
^ Rao KV (September 2007). "Lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma". American Journal of Health-system Pharmacy : AJHP : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 64 (17): 1799–807. doi:10.2146/ajhp070029. PMID 17724360.
^ Bennett CL, Angelotta C, Yarnold PR, et al. (December 2006). "Thalidomide- and lenalidomide-associated thromboembolism among patients with cancer". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 296 (21): 2558–60. doi:10.1001/jama.296.21.2558-c. PMID 17148721.
^ "Potential Signals of Serious Risks/New Safety Information Identified from the Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) between January - March 2008". US Department of Health & Human Services. FDA. March 2008.
^ "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing safety review of Revlimid (lenalidomide) and possible increased risk of developing new malignancies". US Food and Drug Administration. FDA. April 2011.
^ Vallet S, Palumbo A, Raje N, Boccadoro M, Anderson KC (July 2008). "Thalidomide and lenalidomide: Mechanism-based potential drug combinations". Leukemia & Lymphoma 49 (7): 1238–45. doi:10.1080/10428190802005191. PMID 18452080.
^ Zhu, Y. X.; Braggio, E; Shi, C. X.; Bruins, L. A.; Schmidt, J. E.; Van Wier, S; Chang, X. B.; Bjorklund, C. C.; Fonseca, R; Bergsagel, P. L.; Orlowski, R. Z.; Stewart, A. K. (2011). "Cereblon expression is required for the antimyeloma activity of lenalidomide and pomalidomide". Blood 118 (18): 4771–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-05-356063. PMC 3208291. PMID 21860026.
^ Stewart, A. K. (2014). "Medicine. How thalidomide works against cancer". Science 343 (6168): 256–7. doi:10.1126/science.1249543. PMC 4084783. PMID 24436409.
^ Muller, G. W.; Chen, R.; Huang, S. Y.; Corral, L. G.; Wong, L. M.; Patterson, R. T.; Chen, Y.; Kaplan, G.; Stirling, D. I. (1999). "Amino-substituted thalidomide analogs: Potent inhibitors of TNF-α production". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9 (11): 1625. doi:10.1016/S0960-894X(99)00250-4.
^ ^a ^b "Revlimid faces NICE rejection for use in rare blood cancer Watchdog's draft guidance does not recommend Celgene's drug for NHS use in England and Wales". Pharma News. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2015.

External links

Official website Includes list of adverse reactions
Prescribing Information
International Myeloma Foundation article on Revlimid
multiplemyeloma.org Revlimid April 2007 Summary

UpToDate Contents

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1. 移植候補患者における症候性多発性骨髄腫に対する初期化学療法 selection of initial chemotherapy for symptomatic multiple myeloma
2. 非プラチナ製剤ベースの癌化学療法の神経学的合併症の概要 overview of neurologic complications of non platinum cancer chemotherapy
3. 癌免疫療法の原則 principles of cancer immunotherapy
4. 再発性または難治性多発性骨髄腫の治療 treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
5. サリドマイドおよびその類似体による多発性骨髄腫治療後の血栓性合併症 thrombotic complications following treatment of multiple myeloma with thalidomide and its analogues

English Journal

Osteolytic lesions in patients with relapse of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with lenalidomide.

Schuelper N1, Flohr A, Trümper L, Wulf GG.
Annals of hematology.Ann Hematol.2014 Nov;93(11):1929-30. doi: 10.1007/s00277-014-2071-7. Epub 2014 Apr 8.
PMID 24711172

Multiple myeloma: 2014 Update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management.

Vincent Rajkumar S.
American journal of hematology.Am J Hematol.2014 Oct;89(10):999-1009. doi: 10.1002/ajh.23810.
DISEASE OVERVIEW: Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies.DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis requires 10% or more clonal plasma cells on bone marrow examination or a biopsy proven plasmacytoma plus evidence of associated end-organ damage. If end-organ damage is not present,
PMID 25223428

Current regimens and novel agents for mantle cell lymphoma.

Chen Y1, Wang M, Romaguera J.
British journal of haematology.Br J Haematol.2014 Oct;167(1):3-18. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13000. Epub 2014 Jun 28.
Mantle cell lymphoma is a heterogeneous subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Conventional treatment with immunochemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation or intensive immunochemotherapy alone has improved outcomes, but the disease remains incurable. Recent advances in basic and transl
PMID 24974852

Japanese Journal

多発性骨髄腫におけるレナリドミドによる二次がん : 最近のメタ解析結果をもとに

滝沢牧子,半田寛
血液内科 70(2), 268-272, 2015-02
NAID 40020385360

二次発がん (特集多発性骨髄腫の病態と最新治療 : 基礎と臨床の最新情報) -- (特論)

蒔田真一,丸山大
日本臨床 73(1), 162-166, 2015-01
NAID 40020306115

レナリドミドの免疫調整作用 (特集多発性骨髄腫の病態と最新治療 : 基礎と臨床の最新情報) -- (特論)

半田寛,斉藤貴之,村上博和
日本臨床 73(1), 156-161, 2015-01
NAID 40020306107

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血管新生阻害薬」「レナリドミド」

「血管新生阻害薬」

Lenalidomide
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(RS)-3-(4-Amino-1-oxo 1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol- 2-yl)piperidine-2,6-dione
Clinical data
Trade names	Revlimid
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a608001
Pregnancy; category	US: X (Contraindicated); ;
Legal status	US: ℞-only;
Routes of; administration	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	30%
Metabolism	Undetermined
Biological half-life	3 h
Excretion	Renal (67% unchanged)
Identifiers
CAS Number	191732-72-6
ATC code	L04AX04
PubChem	CID 216326
IUPHAR/BPS	7331
DrugBank	DB00480
ChemSpider	187515
UNII	F0P408N6V4
KEGG	D04687
ChEMBL	CHEMBL848
Chemical data
Formula	C13H13N3O3
Molar mass	259.261 g/mol
	SMILES O=C1NC(=O)CCC1N3C(=O)c2cccc(c2C3)N ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C13H13N3O3/c14-9-3-1-2-7-8(9)6-16(13(7)19)10-4-5-11(17)15-12(10)18/h1-3,10H,4-6,14H2,(H,15,17,18) ; Key:GOTYRUGSSMKFNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(verify)

　　[★]

英: angiogenic inhibitor、anti-angiogenic agent
関: 血管新生阻害剤、血管新生抑制因子、血管新生抑制剤、血管新生抑制物質、血管新生抑制薬、抗血管新生薬; 血管内皮増殖因子 VEGF

[show details]

血管新生阻害剤 angiogenesis : 約 77 件
血管新生阻害薬 angiogenesis : 約 83 件

薬理学

抗VEGF抗体

bevacizumab

VEGF阻害薬

sunitinib(SU11248) 受容体キナーゼ阻害薬 -> VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, PDGFRを阻害
sorafenib -> B-RAF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, PDGFRを阻害
vatalanib(PTK-787)

サリドマイドとレナリドマイド

「レナリドミド」

　　[★]

英: lenalidomide
化: レナリドミド水和物 lenalidomide hydrate
商: レブラミド
関: その他の腫瘍用薬

サリドマイド誘導体;骨髄異形成症候群治療

[McCarthy-1] McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Hofmeister CC, Hurd DD, Hassoun H, Richardson PG, Giralt S, Stadtmauer EA, Weisdorf DJ, Vij R, Moreb JS, Callander NS, Van Besien K, Gentile T, Isola L, Maziarz RT, Gabriel DA, Bashey A, Landau H, Martin T, Qazilbash MH, Levitan D, McClune B, Schlossman R, Hars V, Postiglione J, Jiang C, Bennett E, Barry S, Bressler L, Kelly M, Seiler M, Rosenbaum C, Hari P, Pasquini MC, Horowitz MM, Shea TC, Devine SM, Anderson KC, Linker C (2012). "Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma". N. Engl. J. Med. 366 (19): 1770–81. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1114083. PMC 3744390. PMID 22571201.

[Badros-2] Badros, Ashraf Z. Badros (May 10, 2012). "Lenalidomide in Myeloma — A High-Maintenance Friend". N Engl J Med 366 (19): 1836–1838. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1202819. PMID 22571206.

[3] Armoiry X, Aulagner G, Facon T (June 2008). "Lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a review". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 33 (3): 219–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00920.x. PMID 18452408.

[4] Li S, Gill N, Lentzsch S. Recent advances of IMiDs in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Oncol. 2010 Nov;22(6):579-85. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32833d752c. Review.PubMed PMID 20689431.

[5] Tageja N. Lenalidomide - current understanding of mechanistic properties. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2011 Mar;11(3):315-26. Review. PubMed PMID 21426296.

[6] Kotla V, Goel S, Nischal S, Heuck C, Vivek K, Das B, Verma A. Mechanism of action of lenalidomide in hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2009 Aug 12;2:36. doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-36. Review. PubMed PMID 19674465; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2736171.

[7] Yang, B; Yu, RL; Chi, XH; Lu, XC (2013). "Lenalidomide treatment for multiple myeloma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.". PLoS ONE 8 (5): e64354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064354. PMC 3653900. PMID 23691202.

[8] Dimopoulos, MA; Richardson, PG; Brandenburg, N; Yu, Z; Weber, DM; Niesvizky, R; Morgan, GJ (Mar 22, 2012). "A review of second primary malignancy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide.". Blood 119 (12): 2764–7. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-373514. PMID 22323483.

[9] Li, Shirong; Gill, Navkiranjit; Lentzsch, Suzanne (November 2010). "Recent advances of IMiDs in cancer therapy". Current Opinion in Oncology 22 (6): 579–585. doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e32833d752c. PMID 20689431.

[10] "FDA approves lenalidomide oral capsules (Revlimid) for use in combination with dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma". FDA. 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2015-10-15.

[11] "REVLIMID Receives Positive Final Appraisal Determination from National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) for Use in the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales". Reuters. April 23, 2009.

[pharmacytimes_2014-12] Ness, Stacey (13 March 2014). "New Specialty Drugs". Pharmacy Times. Retrieved 5 November 2015.

[List-13] List A, Kurtin S, Roe DJ, et al. (February 2005). "Efficacy of lenalidomide in myelodysplastic syndromes". The New England Journal of Medicine 352 (6): 549–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041668. PMID 15703420.

[14] List AF (August 2005). "Emerging data on IMiDs in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)". Seminars in Oncology 32 (4 Suppl 5): S31–5. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.06.020. PMID 16085015.

[15] List A, Dewald G, Bennett J, et al. (October 2006). "Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion". The New England Journal of Medicine 355 (14): 1456–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061292. PMID 17021321.

[16] "Revlimid Approved In Europe For Use In Myelodysplastic Syndromes". The MDS Beacon. Retrieved 2013-06-17.

[17] "Phase II Study of Lenalidomide for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin's Lymphoma". ClinicalTrials.gov. US National Institutes of Health. February 2009.

[18] "276 current clinical trials world-wide, both recruiting and fully enrolled, as of 27 February 2009". ClinicalTrials.gov. US National Institutes of Health. February 2009.

[19] "Celgene Discontinues Phase 3 Revlimid Study after 'Imbalance' of Deaths". Nasdaq. July 18, 2013.

[20] "Revlimid Summary of Product Characteristics. Annex I" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2012. p. 6.

[21] Rao KV (September 2007). "Lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma". American Journal of Health-system Pharmacy : AJHP : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 64 (17): 1799–807. doi:10.2146/ajhp070029. PMID 17724360.

[22] Bennett CL, Angelotta C, Yarnold PR, et al. (December 2006). "Thalidomide- and lenalidomide-associated thromboembolism among patients with cancer". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 296 (21): 2558–60. doi:10.1001/jama.296.21.2558-c. PMID 17148721.

[23] "Potential Signals of Serious Risks/New Safety Information Identified from the Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) between January - March 2008". US Department of Health & Human Services. FDA. March 2008.

[24] "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Ongoing safety review of Revlimid (lenalidomide) and possible increased risk of developing new malignancies". US Food and Drug Administration. FDA. April 2011.

[25] Vallet S, Palumbo A, Raje N, Boccadoro M, Anderson KC (July 2008). "Thalidomide and lenalidomide: Mechanism-based potential drug combinations". Leukemia & Lymphoma 49 (7): 1238–45. doi:10.1080/10428190802005191. PMID 18452080.

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lenalidomide