WordNet

hand over one and receive another, approximately equivalent; "exchange prisoners"; "exchange employees between branches of the company"
chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another
reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries); "he earns his living from the interchange of currency" (同)interchange
the act of changing one thing for another thing; "Adam was promised immortality in exchange for his disobedience"; "there was an interchange of prisoners" (同)interchange
(chess) gaining (or losing) a rook in return for a knight or bishop; "black lost the exchange"
(chess) the capture by both players (usually on consecutive moves) of pieces of equal value; "the endgame began after the exchange of queens"
a workplace for buying and selling; open only to members
the act of giving something in return for something received; "deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable"
a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one); "they had a bitter exchange"
give to, and receive from, one another; "Would you change places with me?"; "We have been exchanging letters for a year" (同)change, interchange
a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative); an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons
changed for (replaced by) something different

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『取り替える』;(…と)…‘を'取り替える《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / …‘を'『取り交わす』;(人と)…‘を'取り交わす《+『名』+『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (化幣が)両替される / 〈U〉〈C〉(物の物との)『取り替え』《+『of』+『名』+『for』+『名』》;(相手と物を)『交換すること』《+『of』+『名』(複数)+『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈C〉交換物,取り替え品 / 〈C〉取引所;(電話の)交換局 / 〈U〉両替;為替(かわせ),為替相場 / 〈C〉=employment exchange
イオン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/06 16:31:25」(JST)

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Ion exchanger

Ion exchange resin beads

Ion exchange column, used for protein purification

Ion exchange is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex. In most cases the term is used to denote the processes of purification, separation, and decontamination of aqueous and other ion-containing solutions with solid polymeric or mineralic 'ion exchangers'.

Typical ion exchangers are ion exchange resins (functionalized porous or gel polymer), zeolites, montmorillonite, clay, and soil humus. Ion exchangers are either cation exchangers that exchange positively charged ions (cations) or anion exchangers that exchange negatively charged ions (anions). There are also amphoteric exchangers that are able to exchange both cations and anions simultaneously. However, the simultaneous exchange of cations and anions can be more efficiently performed in mixed beds that contain a mixture of anion and cation exchange resins, or passing the treated solution through several different ion exchange materials.

Ion exchangers can be unselective or have binding preferences for certain ions or classes of ions, depending on their chemical structure. This can be dependent on the size of the ions, their charge, or their structure. Typical examples of ions that can bind to ion exchangers are:

H⁺ (proton) and OH⁻ (hydroxide)
Single-charged monatomic ions like Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻
Double-charged monatomic ions like Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺
Polyatomic inorganic ions like SO₄²⁻ and PO₄³⁻
Organic bases, usually molecules containing the amine functional group -NR₂H⁺
Organic acids, often molecules containing -COO⁻ (carboxylic acid) functional groups
Biomolecules that can be ionized: amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc.

Along with absorption and adsorption, ion exchange is a form of sorption.

Ion exchange is a reversible process and the ion exchanger can be regenerated or loaded with desirable ions by washing with an excess of these ions.

Applications

Ion exchange is widely used in the food & beverage, hydrometallurgical, metals finishing, chemical & petrochemical, pharmaceutical, sugar & sweeteners, ground & potable water, nuclear, softening & industrial water, semiconductor, power, and a host of other industries.

Most typical example of application is preparation of high purity water for power engineering, electronic and nuclear industries; i.e. polymeric or mineralic insoluble ion exchangers are widely used for water softening, water purification, water decontamination, etc.

Ion exchange is a method widely used in household (laundry detergents and water filters) to produce soft water. This is accomplished by exchanging calcium Ca²⁺ and magnesium Mg²⁺ cations against Na⁺ or H⁺ cations (see water softening). Another application for ion exchange in domestic water treatment is the removal of nitrate and natural organic matter.

Industrial and analytical ion exchange chromatography is another area to be mentioned. Ion exchange chromatography is a chromatographical method that is widely used for chemical analysis and separation of ions. For example, in biochemistry it is widely used to separate charged molecules such as proteins. An important area of the application is extraction and purification of biologically produced substances such as proteins (amino acids) and DNA/RNA.

Ion-exchange processes are used to separate and purify metals, including separating uranium from plutonium and other actinides, including thorium, and lanthanum, neodymium, ytterbium, samarium, lutetium, from each other and the other lanthanides. There are two series of rare earth metals, the lanthanides and the actinides, both of whose families all have very similar chemical and physical properties. Using methods developed by Frank Spedding in the 1940s, ion-exchange used to be the only practical way to separate them in large quantities, until the advent of solvent extraction techniques that can be scaled up enormously.

A very important case is the PUREX process (plutonium-uranium extraction process), which is used to separate the plutonium and the uranium from the spent fuel products from a nuclear reactor, and to be able to dispose of the waste products. Then, the plutonium and uranium are available for making nuclear-energy materials, such as new reactor fuel and nuclear weapons.

The ion-exchange process is also used to separate other sets of very similar chemical elements, such as zirconium and hafnium, which is also very important for the nuclear industry. Zirconium is practically transparent to free neutrons, used in building reactors, but hafnium is a very strong absorber of neutrons, used in reactor control rods.

Ion exchangers are used in nuclear reprocessing and the treatment of radioactive waste.

Ion exchange resins in the form of thin membranes are used in chloralkali process, fuel cells and vanadium redox batteries. Ion exchange can also be used to remove hardness from water by exchanging calcium and magnesium ions for sodium ions in an ion exchange column.

Liquid (aqueous) phase ion exchange desalination has been demonstrated.^[1] In this technique anions and cations in salt water are exchanged for carbonate anions and calcium cations respectively using electrophoresis. Calcium and carbonate ions then react to form calcium carbonate, which then precipitates leaving behind fresh water. The desalination occurs at ambient temperature and pressure and requires no membranes or solid ion exchangers. Theoretical energy efficiency of this method is on par with electrodialysis and reverse osmosis.

Other applications

In soil science, cation exchange capacity is the ion exchange capacity of soil for positively charged ions. Soils can be considered as natural weak cation exchangers.
In pollution remediation and geotechnical engineering, ion exchange capacity determines the swelling capacity of swelling or Expansive clay such as Montmorillonite, which can be used to "capture" pollutants and charged ions.
In planar waveguide manufacturing, ion exchange is used to create the guiding layer of higher index of refraction.
Dealkalization, removal of alkali ions from a glass surface.
Chemically strengthened glass, produced by exchanging K⁺ for Na⁺ in soda glass surfaces using KNO₃ melts.

References

^ Shkolnikov, Viktor; Bahga, Supreet S.; Santiago, Juan G. (August 28, 2012). "Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation" 14 (32). Phys. Chem. Chem Phys.

Friedrich G. Helfferich (1962). Ion Exchange. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-68784-1.
Ion Exchangers (K. Dorfner, ed.), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1991.
C. E. Harland, Ion exchange: Theory and Practice, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1994.
Ion exchange (D. Muraviev, V. Gorshkov, A. Warshawsky), M. Dekker, New York, 2000.
A. A. Zagorodni, Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.

External links

Illustrated and well defined chemistry lab practical on ion exchange from Dartmouth College
Some applets illustrating ion exchange processes
A simple explanation of deionization
Ion exchange, BioMineWiki

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English Journal

Determination of four paraben-type preservatives and three benzophenone-type ultraviolet light filters in seafoods by LC-QqLIT-MS/MS.

Han C1, Xia B1, Chen X1, Shen J2, Miao Q3, Shen Y4.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Mar 1;194:1199-207. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.093. Epub 2015 Aug 24.
For the first time, an efficient and sensitive analytical method based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole linear ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of four paraben-type preservatives and three benzophenone-type ultraviolet light filte
PMID 26471672

Purification and identification of antioxidative peptides from dry-cured Xuanwei ham.

Xing LJ1, Hu YY1, Hu HY1, Ge QF1, Zhou GH1, Zhang WG2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Mar 1;194:951-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.101. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
This study mainly focused on the purification and identification of antioxidative peptides generated in dry-cured Xuanwei ham. Based on scavenging effect on free radicals and ferrous ion, the antioxidant activity of crude peptides from Xuanwei ham was assessed. From the scavenging effects on 1,1-dip
PMID 26471639

Novel simple process for tocopherols selective recovery from vegetable oils by adsorption and desorption with an anion-exchange resin.

Hiromori K1, Shibasaki-Kitakawa N2, Nakashima K1, Yonemoto T1.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Mar 1;194:1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.137. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
A novel and simple low-temperature process was used to recover tocopherols from a deodorizer distillate, which is a by-product of edible oil refining. The process consists of three operations: the esterification of free fatty acids with a cation-exchange resin catalyst, the adsorption of tocopherols
PMID 26471519

Japanese Journal

Recovery of Platinum from Chloride Leaching Solutions of Spent Reforming Catalysts by Ion Exchange

Sun Pan-Pan,Kim Tae-Young,Min Byoung-Jun [他]
Materials transactions 56(5), 738-742, 2015-05
NAID 40020440981

使用済み燃料プールにおける過酸化水素分解法の開発

出水丈志,小松誠,出口達也 [他]
エバラ時報 (247), 3-8, 2015-04
NAID 40020470433

Contact Bubble Bilayers with Flush Drainage

Iwamoto Masayuki,Oiki Shigetoshi
Scientific Reports 5, 9110-9110, 2015-03-16
… A rapid solution exchange system is developed by introducing additional pressure-driven injection pipettes, and the blowing pipette works as a drain. … Example applications of this versatile method are presented to characterize the function of ion channels. …
NAID 120005572953

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「イオン交換」「ionic exchange」
拡張検索	「erythrocyte anion exchange protein 1」「cation exchange resin」
関連記事	「exchange」「ion」「ION」