inclusion body

封入体

WordNet

1. invest with or as with a body; give body to (同)personify
2. the external structure of a vehicle; "the body of the car was badly rusted"
3. the main mass of a thing
4. a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person; "they found the body in the lake" (同)dead body
5. the entire structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being); "he felt as if his whole body were on fire" (同)organic structure, physical structure
6. a collection of particulars considered as a system; "a body of law"; "a body of doctrine"; "a body of precedents"
7. a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity; "the whole body filed out of the auditorium"; "the student body"; "administrative body"
8. an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects; "heavenly body"
9. the central message of a communication; "the body of the message was short"
10. the relation of comprising something; "he admired the inclusion of so many ideas in such a short work" (同)comprehension
11. the state of being included
12. the act of including

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉『身体』,肉体 / 〈C〉(人・動物の)『胴体』 / 〈C〉)物の)『主要部』,本体《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『団体』,群れ:(…のたくさんの)集まり《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉物体,…体 / 〈U〉実質;(酒・味などの)こく / 〈C〉《話》人
2. 〈U〉(…を)中に含めること,(…の)包含《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉中に含まれた物
3. 《英話》人;(特に)男

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/30 09:34:42」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. Inclusion bodies can also be hallmarks of genetic diseases, as in the case of Neuronal Inclusion bodies in disorders like Frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease.

Inclusion bodies contain very little host protein, ribosomal components or DNA/RNA fragments. They often almost exclusively contain the over expressed protein and aggregation in inclusion bodies has been reported to be reversible. It has been suggested that inclusion bodies are dynamic structures formed by an unbalanced equilibrium between aggregated and soluble proteins of E. coli. There is a growing body of information indicating that formation of inclusion bodies occurs as a result of intracellular accumulation of partially folded expressed proteins which aggregate through non-covalent hydrophobic or ionic interactions or a combination of both.

Inclusion bodies are dense electron-refractile particles of aggregated protein found in both the cytoplasmic and periplasmic spaces of E. coli during high-level expression of heterologous protein. It is generally assumed that high level expression of non-native protein (higher than 2% of cellular protein) and highly hydrophobic protein is more prone to lead to accumulation as inclusion bodies in E. coli. In the case of proteins having disulfide bonds, formation of protein aggregates as inclusion bodies is anticipated since the reducing environment of bacterial cytosol inhibits the formation of disulfide bonds. The diameter of spherical bacterial inclusion bodies varies from 0.5–1.3 m and the protein aggregates have either an amorphous or paracrystalline nature depending on the localization. Inclusion bodies have higher density (~1.3 mg ml^–1) than many of the cellular components, and thus can be easily separated by high-speed centrifugation after cell disruption. Inclusion bodies despite being dense particles are highly hydrated and have a porous architecture.

Composition

Inclusion bodies have a non-unit lipid membrane. Protein inclusion bodies are classically thought to contain misfolded protein. However, this has recently been contested, as green fluorescent protein will sometimes fluoresce in inclusion bodies, which indicates some resemblance of the native structure and researchers have recovered folded protein from inclusion bodies.

Mechanism of formation

When genes from one organism are expressed in another the resulting protein sometimes forms inclusion bodies. This is often true when large evolutionary distances are crossed: a cDNA isolated from Eukarya for example, and expressed as a recombinant gene in a prokaryote risks the formation of the inactive aggregates of protein known as inclusion bodies. While the cDNA may properly code for a translatable mRNA, the protein that results will emerge in a foreign microenvironment. This often has fatal effects, especially if the intent of cloning is to produce a biologically active protein. For example, eukaryotic systems for carbohydrate modification and membrane transport are not found in prokaryotes. The internal microenvironment of a prokaryotic cell (pH, osmolarity) may differ from that of the original source of the gene. Mechanisms for folding a protein may also be absent, and hydrophobic residues that normally would remain buried may be exposed and available for interaction with similar exposed sites on other ectopic proteins. Processing systems for the cleavage and removal of internal peptides would also be absent in bacteria. The initial attempts to clone insulin in a bacterium suffered all of these deficits. In addition, the fine controls that may keep the concentration of a protein low will also be missing in a prokaryotic cell, and overexpression can result in filling a cell with ectopic protein that, even if it were properly folded, would precipitate by saturating its environment.

Viral inclusion bodies

Examples of viral inclusion bodies in animals are

Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic-

• Negri bodies in Rabies
• Guarnieri bodies in Small pox
• Henderson-Peterson bodies in Molluscum contagiosum

Intranuclear acidophilic-

• Cowdry type A in Herpes simplex virus and Varicella zoster virus
• Torres bodies in Yellow fever
• Cowdry type B in Polio

Intranuclear basophilic-

• Cowdry type B in Adenovirus
• "owl eyes" in cytomegalovirus

Both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic-

• Warthin finkeldey bodies in Measles

Examples of viral inclusion bodies in plants [1] include aggregations of virus particles (like those for Cucumber mosaic virus [2]) and aggregations of viral proteins (like the cylindrical inclusions of potyviruses [3]). Depending on the plant and the plant virus family these inclusions can be found in epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, and stomatal cells when plant tissue when properly stained [4].

Inclusion bodies in Erythrocytes

Normally a red blood cell does not contain inclusions in the cytoplasm. However, it may be seen because of certain hematologic disorders.

There are three kinds of erythrocyte inclusions:

1. Developmental Organelles
   1. Howell-Jolly bodies: small, round fragments of the nucleus resulting from karyorrhexis or nuclear disintegration of the late reticulocyte and stain reddish-blue with Wright stain.
   2. Basophilic stipplings - this stipplings is either fine or coarse, deep blue to purple staining inclusion that appears in erythrocytes on a dried Wright stain.
   3. Pappenheimer bodies - are siderotic granules which are small, irregular, dark-staining granules that appear near the periphery of a young erythrocyte in a Wright stain.
   4. Polychromatophilic red cells - young red cells that no longer have nucleus but still contain some RNA.
   5. Cabot Rings - ring-like structure and may appear in erythrocytes in megaloblastic anemia or in severe anemias, lead poisoning, and in dyserythropoiesis, in which erythrocytes are destroyed before being released from the bone marrow.
2. Abnormal Hemoglobin Precipitation
   1. Heinz bodies - round bodies, refractile inclusions not visible on a Wright stain film. It is best identified by supravital staining with basic dyes.
   2. Hemoglobin H Inclusions - alpha thalassemia, greenish-blue inclusion bodies appear in many erythrocytes after four drops of blood is incubated with 0.5mL of Brilliant cresyl blue for 20 minutes at 37°C.
3. Protozoan Inclusion
   1. Malaria
   2. Babesia

Current problems with the isolation of proteins from bacterial inclusion bodies

70-80% of recombinant proteins expressed E. coli are contained in inclusion bodies (i.e., protein aggregates).(Yang, Zhong, et al. "Highly efficient production of soluble proteins from insoluble inclusion bodies by a two-step-denaturing and refolding method." PloS one 6.7 (2011): e22981.) The purification of the expressed proteins from inclusion bodies usually require two main steps: extraction of inclusion bodies from the bacteria followed by the solubilisation of the purified inclusion bodies. This is considered labour-intensive, time consuming and not cost effective.

Pseudo-inclusions

Pseudo-inclusions are invaginations of the cytoplasm into the cell nuclei, which may give the appearance of intranuclear inclusions. They may appear in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

See also

• JUNQ and IPOD
• Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies

References

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Heart disease in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta - A systematic review.

• Ashournia H1, Johansen FT2, Folkestad L3, Diederichsen AC4, Brixen K5.
• International journal of cardiology.Int J Cardiol.2015 Oct 1;196:149-57. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.001. Epub 2015 Jun 14.
• INTRODUCTION: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare, inherited systemic connective tissue disease that causes decreased bioavailability of collagen type 1. Collagen type 1 is the most abundant connective tissue in the body and a key part of many organs. While the bone phenotype in OI is well descri
• PMID 26100571

• Factors that contribute to adult children caregivers' well-being: a scoping review.

• Bastawrous M1, Gignac MA2, Kapral MK3, Cameron JI1,4.
• Health & social care in the community.Health Soc Care Community.2015 Sep;23(5):449-66. doi: 10.1111/hsc.12144. Epub 2014 Dec 4.
• The ageing of the population will increasingly result in reliance on the family for care in the community. Existing reviews have provided insights into the needs and health outcomes of family caregivers, but are disproportionately skewed towards spousal caregivers. Presently, a large majority of fam
• PMID 25472851

• A purified truncated form of yeast Gal4 expressed in Escherichia coli and used to functionalize poly(lactic acid) nanoparticle surface is transcriptionally active in cellulo.

• Legaz S1, Exposito JY1, Borel A1, Candusso MP2, Megy S1, Montserret R2, Lahaye V1, Terzian C3, Verrier B4.
• Protein expression and purification.Protein Expr Purif.2015 Sep;113:94-101. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.05.009. Epub 2015 May 19.
• Gal4/UAS system is a powerful tool for the analysis of numerous biological processes. Gal4 is a large yeast transcription factor that activates genes including UAS sequences in their promoter. Here, we have synthesized a minimal form of Gal4 DNA sequence coding for the binding and dimerization regio
• PMID 26002116

Japanese Journal

• Fowl Adenoviruses Isolated from Chickens with Inclusion Body Hepatitis in Japan, 2009-2010

• MASE Masaji,NAKAMURA Kikuyasu,MINAMI Fujiko
• The journal of veterinary medical science 74(8), 1087-1089, 2012-08
• NAID 40019420931

• 封入体筋炎 : 診療の現状と展望 (特集 最新の疾患バイオマーカー研究) -- (特論)

• 青木 正志,鈴木 直輝
• 日本臨床 70(5), 895-906, 2012-05
• NAID 40019297924

Related Links

• Inclusion body - definition of inclusion body by The Free ...

inclusion body n. An abnormal structure in a cell nucleus or cytoplasm having characteristic staining properties and usually composed of protein, occurring primarily in infectious diseases, especially viral infections such as rabies.

• inclusion bodyの意味 - 英和辞典 - コトバンク

プログレッシブ英和中辞典(第4版) - 《病理学》封入体. ... 出典｜小学館 この辞書の凡例を見る 編集主幹：國廣哲彌、安井稔、堀内克明 編集委員：池上嘉彦、大沼雅彦、米須興文

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「cytoplasmic inclusion」「cellular inclusion」「封入体」
拡張検索	「nuclear inclusion body」「intranuclear inclusion body」「sporadic inclusion body myositis」
関連記事	「inclusion」「body」

「cytoplasmic inclusion」

　　[★]

• 細胞質内封入体、細胞質封入体

関

cellular inclusion、inclusion body

「cellular inclusion」

　　[★]

• 細胞封入体

関

cytoplasmic inclusion、inclusion body

「封入体」

　　[★]

英

inclusion body

関

ウイルス封入体

「nuclear inclusion body」

　　[★]

• 核封入体

関

intranuclear inclusion、intranuclear inclusion body、nuclear inclusion、nucleoid

「intranuclear inclusion body」

　　[★]

• 核内封入体

関

intranuclear inclusion、nuclear inclusion、nuclear inclusion body

「sporadic inclusion body myositis」

　　[★]

孤発性封入体筋炎

関

inclusion body myositis

「inclusion」

　　[★]

• n.

• 包含、包括。算入
• 中に含まれるもの、含有物

　 　 　 　

「body」

　　[★]

• n.

• 体、本体、身体、ボディー