関: claw、hoof、ungulate

WordNet

scratch, scrape, pull, or dig with claws or nails
a grasping structure on the limb of a crustacean or other arthropods (同)chela, nipper, pincer
a birds foot
sharp curved horny process on the toe of a bird or some mammals or reptiles
attack as if with claws; "The politician clawed his rival"
clutch as if in panic; "She clawed the doorknob"
move as if by clawing, seizing, or digging; "They clawed their way to the top of the mountain"
having or resembling hoofs; "horses and other hoofed animals" (同)ungulated, hoofed, hooved
any of a number of mammals with hooves that are superficially similar but not necessarily closely related taxonomically (同)hoofed mammal
dance in a professional capacity
the foot of an ungulate mammal
the horny covering of the end of the foot in ungulate mammals

PrepTutorEJDIC

hoofの複数形
(鳥・動物の足の)『かぎづめ』;かぎづめのある足 / (エビ・カニなどの)はさみ / かぎづめの形をした物(くぎ抜きなど) / …'を'かぎづめでひっかく(引き裂く) / …'を'かぎづめでひっかいて作る
ひづめのある,有蹄の / 有蹄類
(馬・牛などの)『ひづめ』 / (ひづめのある動物の)足

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/29 18:31:55」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Cloven hooves of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), with dewclaws

A hoof (/ˈhuːf/ or /ˈhʊf/), plural hooves (/ˈhuːvz/ or /ˈhʊvz/) or hoofs /ˈhʊfs/, is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick, horny, keratin covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use.

Most even-toed ungulates (such as sheep, goats, deer, cattle, bison and pigs) have two main hooves on each foot, together called a cloven hoof. Most of these cloven-hoofed animals also have two smaller hoofs called dewclaws a little further up the leg – these are not normally used for walking, but in some species with larger dewclaws (such as deer and pigs) they may touch the ground when running or jumping, or if the ground is soft. Other cloven-hoofed animals (such as giraffes and pronghorns) have no dewclaws. In some so-called "cloven-hoofed" animals such as camels, there are no hooves proper – the toe is softer, and the hoof itself is reduced to little more than a nail.

Some odd-toed ungulates (equids) have one hoof on each foot; others have (or had) three distinct hoofed or heavily nailed toes, or one hoof and two dewclaws. The tapir is a special case, having three toes on each hind foot and four toes on each front foot.

Sagittal section of a wild horsehoof.
Pink: soft tissues;
light gray: bone;
blue: tendons;
red: corium;
yellow: digital cushion;
dark gray: frog;
orange: sole;
brown: walls
Rear foot of a giraffe (no dewclaws)
Rear hooves of a horse
Camel hoof
Malayan tapir hooves: front with four toes, back with three toes

Uses

Hooves have historical significance in ceremonies and games. They have been used in burial ceremonies.^[1]
Hooves have also been used in the manufacture of high-end glues.

References

^ M. E. Robertson-Mackay (1980). "A head and hooves burial beneath a round barrow, with other Neolithic and Bronze Age sites on Hemp Knoll, near Avebury, Wiltshire". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 宗教、精神性、および終末期医療 religion spirituality and end of life care

English Journal

Controlled nail delivery of a novel lipophilic antifungal agent using various modern drug carrier systems as well as in vitro and ex vivo model systems.

Naumann S1, Meyer JP2, Kiesow A3, Mrestani Y4, Wohlrab J5, Neubert RH6.Author information 1Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) Germany. Electronic address: sandy.naumann@pharmazie.uni-halle.de.2Evolva Holding SA, Reinach, Switzerland.3Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Halle (Saale), Germany.4Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) Germany.5Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.6Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) Germany. Electronic address: reinhard.neubert@pharmazie.uni-halle.de.AbstractThe penetration behavior into human nails and animal hoof membranes of a novel antifungal agent (EV-086K) for the treatment of onychomycosis was investigated in this study. The new drug provides a high lipophilicity which is adverse for penetration into nails. Therefore, four different formulations were developed, with particular focus on a colloidal carrier system (CCS) due to its penetration enhancing properties. On the one hand, ex vivo penetration experiments on human nails were performed. Afterwards the human nail plates were cut by cryomicrotome in order to quantify the drug concentration in the dorsal, intermediate and ventral nail layer using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. On the other hand, equine and bovine hoof membranes were used to determine the in vitro penetration of the drug into the acceptor compartment of an online diffusion cell coupled with Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. In combination, both results should exhibit a correlation between the EV-086K penetration behavior in human nail plates and animal hoof membranes. The investigations showed that the developed CCS could increase drug delivery through the human nail most compared to other formulations (nail lacquer, solution and hydrogel). Using animal hooves in the online diffusion cell, we were able to calculate pharmacokinetic data of the penetration process, especially diffusion and permeability coefficients. Finally, a qualitative correlation between the penetration results of human nails and equine hooves was established.
Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.J Control Release.2014 Apr 28;180:60-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.013. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
The penetration behavior into human nails and animal hoof membranes of a novel antifungal agent (EV-086K) for the treatment of onychomycosis was investigated in this study. The new drug provides a high lipophilicity which is adverse for penetration into nails. Therefore, four different formulations
PMID 24560884

Effect of a tea tree oil and organic acid footbath solution on digital dermatitis in dairy cows.

Smith AC1, Wood CL2, McQuerry KJ2, Bewley JM3.Author information 1Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and.2Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506.3Department of Animal and Food Sciences, and. Electronic address: jbewley@uky.edu.AbstractCopper sulfate is the industry gold standard footbath ingredient for controlling dairy cow digital dermatitis. However, when used footbath solutions are deposited on soil, high levels of copper in the soil may result, which can have toxic and negative effects on plant growth. An alternative to copper sulfate is Provita Hoofsure Endurance (Provita Eurotech Ltd., Omagh, UK), which is a biodegradable solution containing organic acids, tea tree oil, and wetting agents. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in digital dermatitis frequency when using Provita Hoofsure Endurance and copper sulfate in a split footbath in 3 commercial dairy herds. This study was conducted from January 5, 2012, to March 19, 2012, in 3 commercial Kentucky dairies with 120, 170, and 200 milking Holstein cows. None of the herds was using a footbath for digital dermatitis control before the study. Footbath solutions were delivered using a split footbath. During the study, a 3% Hoofsure Endurance solution for the left hooves and a 5% copper sulfate solution for the right hooves was used. Digital dermatitis was scored every 3wk using the M0 to M4 system, where M0=a claw free of signs of digital dermatitis; M1=a lesion <2cm that is not painful; M2=the ulcerative stage, with lesion diameter of >2cm, and painful to the touch; M3=the healing stage and covered by a scab; and M4=the chronic stage and characterized by dyskeratosis or proliferation of the surface that is generally not painful. McNemar's test statistic suggested that a statistically significant difference existed in the proportions of M1 and M2 lesions between the beginning and end of the study for both treatments. This indicates that each solution was effective in decreasing the proportion of M1 or M2 lesions from baseline to the last time point. A chi-square test calculated using PROC FREQUENCY of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) indicated that no statistically significant relationship existed between the treatments among changes in digital dermatitis frequency from the baseline to the end of the study. Performance of the 2 footbath solutions was comparable throughout the study. No significant differences were observed between the copper sulfate and Provita Hoofsure Endurance.
Journal of dairy science.J Dairy Sci.2014 Apr;97(4):2498-501. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-6776. Epub 2014 Jan 31.
Copper sulfate is the industry gold standard footbath ingredient for controlling dairy cow digital dermatitis. However, when used footbath solutions are deposited on soil, high levels of copper in the soil may result, which can have toxic and negative effects on plant growth. An alternative to coppe
PMID 24485678

Severe hoof disease in free-ranging roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) in southwestern washington, USA.

Han S1, Mansfield KG.Author information 11 Washington Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7034, USA.AbstractAbstract Reports of free-ranging Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) with abnormal hooves and lameness increased significantly in southwestern Washington, USA, during winter 2008. In March 2009 we examined five severely affected elk with clinical lameness from this region to characterize hoof lesions, examine the general health of affected elk, and potentially identify etiologies causing hoof disease. Three clinically normal elk from an adjacent but unaffected region were also collected as normal controls. Grossly, affected elk had deformed hooves that were asymmetrical, markedly elongated, and curved or broken, as well as hooves with sloughed horn. Most affected elk had severe sole ulcers with extensive laminar necrosis and pedal osteomyelitis. Histopathology of normal and abnormal hooves identified acute and chronic laminitis in all affected elk and one control elk. Hepatic copper and selenium levels in all affected and control elk were also deficient, and hoof keratin copper levels were low. No significant underlying systemic or musculoskeletal disease was detected in the affected elk, and attempts to isolate bacterial and viral pathogens were unsuccessful. A primary cause of hoof deformity was not definitively identified in this chronically affected group. Studies to identify infectious hoof disease and to characterize acute and subacute lesions are underway.
Journal of wildlife diseases.J Wildl Dis.2014 Apr;50(2):259-70. doi: 10.7589/2013-07-163. Epub 2014 Jan 31.
Abstract Reports of free-ranging Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) with abnormal hooves and lameness increased significantly in southwestern Washington, USA, during winter 2008. In March 2009 we examined five severely affected elk with clinical lameness from this region to characterize hoof
PMID 24484504