WordNet

of or relating to the cloven feet of ruminants or swine (同)cloven-footed
having solid hooves
dance in a professional capacity
the foot of an ungulate mammal
the horny covering of the end of the foot in ungulate mammals

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ひづめのある
(馬・牛などの)『ひづめ』 / (ひづめのある動物の)足

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/22 10:01:57」(JST)

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Cloven hooves of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), with dew claws

A hoof (/ˈhuːf/ or /ˈhʊf/), plural hooves (/ˈhuːvz/ or /ˈhʊvz/) or hoofs /ˈhʊfs/, is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick, horny, keratin covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use.

Most even-toed ungulates (such as sheep, goats, deer, cattle, bison and pigs) have two main hooves on each foot, together called a cloven hoof. Most of these cloven-hoofed animals also have two smaller hoofs called dew-claws a little further up the leg – these are not normally used for walking, but in some species with larger dew-claws (such as deer and pigs) they may touch the ground when running or jumping, or if the ground is soft. Other cloven-hoofed animals (such as giraffes and pronghorns) have no dew claws. In some so-called "cloven-hoofed" animals such as camels, there are no hooves proper – the toe is softer, and the hoof itself is reduced to little more than a nail.

Some odd-toed ungulates (equids) have one hoof on each foot; others (including rhinoceroses, tapirs and many extinct species) have (or had) three distinct hoofed or heavily nailed toes, or one hoof and two dew-claws. The tapir is a special case, having three toes on each hind foot and four toes on each front foot.

Sagittal section of a wild horsehoof.
Pink: soft tissues;
light gray: bone;
blue: tendons;
red: corium;
yellow: digital cushion;
dark gray: frog;
orange: sole;
brown: walls
Rear foot of a giraffe (no dew claws)
Rear hooves of a horse
Camel hoof
Malayan tapir hooves: front with four toes, back with three toes

Uses[edit]

Hooves have historical significance in ceremonies and games. They have been used in burial ceremonies.^[1]
Hooves have also been used in the manufacture of high-end glues.

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hooves.

^ M. E. Robertson-Mackay (1980). A head and hooves burial beneath a round barrow, with other Neolithic and Bronze Age sites on Hemp Knoll, near Avebury, Wiltshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.

English Journal

Expression of porcine Mx1 with FMDV IRES enhances the antiviral activity against foot-and-mouth disease virus in PK-15 cells.

Yuan B1, Fang H, Shen C, Zheng C.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2015 Aug;160(8):1989-99. doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2473-4. Epub 2015 Jun 7.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the most contagious pathogen in cloven-hoofed (two-toed) animals. Due to the rapid replication and spread of FMDV, novel therapeutic strategies are greatly needed to reduce or block FMDV shedding in cases of disease outbreak. Here, we generated an IRES-Mx1 cons
PMID 26047650

Indicators of microbial-rich environments and the development of papillary thyroid cancer in the California Teachers Study.

Clarke CA1, Reynolds P2, Oakley-Girvan I2, Lee E3, Lu Y4, Yang J5, Moy LM5, Bernstein L4, Horn-Ross PL5.
Cancer epidemiology.Cancer Epidemiol.2015 Aug;39(4):548-53. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.04.014. Epub 2015 May 23.
BACKGROUND: Little epidemiologic research has focused on the role of immune function in papillary thyroid cancer risk despite scattered observations suggesting it may be important (e.g., hygiene hypothesis). Here we investigate papillary thyroid cancer risk associated with self-reported living envir
PMID 26007306

Claw length recommendations for dairy cow foot trimming.

Archer SC1, Newsome R1, Dibble H1, Sturrock CJ2, Chagunda MG3, Mason CS4, Huxley JN1.
The Veterinary record.Vet Rec.2015 Jul 28. pii: vetrec-2015-103197. doi: 10.1136/vr.103197. [Epub ahead of print]
The aim was to describe variation in length of the dorsal hoof wall in contact with the dermis for cows on a single farm, and hence, derive minimum appropriate claw lengths for routine foot trimming. The hind feet of 68 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were collected post mortem, and the internal struct
PMID 26220848

Japanese Journal

Structure and evolution of the mouse pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (Psg) gene locus

McLellan Andrew S,Fischer Beate,Dveksler Gabriela,Hori Tomomi,Wynne Freda,Ball Melanie,Okumura Katsuzumi,Moore Tom,Zimmermann Wolfgang
BMC genomics 6(1), 4, 2005-01-12
… In rodents and primates, but not in artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates / hoofed mammals), there have been independent expansions of the Psg gene family, with all members expressed exclusively in placental trophoblast cells. …
NAID 120000949472

台湾における口蹄疫ウイルスの性状

Huang Chin-Cheng,Jong Ming-Hwa,Lin Shih-Yuh
The journal of veterinary medical science 62(7), S・iii, 677-679, 2000-07-25
1997年3月以降, 口蹄疫の2種類のウイルス株が台湾に侵入し, 豚および口蹄疫の大規模な発生を起こした。1997年3月に発生した口蹄疫は, 自然感染経路では豚以外の偶蹄類には感染しない豚に馴化したウイルス株(O/Taiwan/97)によることが明らかにされた。この株による口蹄疫は2ヶ月の間に台湾全域に広がり, 感染農家6, 147農場の3, 850, 746頭の豚が淘汰された。1999年6月には …
NAID 110003920414

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