関: claw、hooves、ungulate

WordNet

dance in a professional capacity
the foot of an ungulate mammal
the horny covering of the end of the foot in ungulate mammals
scratch, scrape, pull, or dig with claws or nails
a grasping structure on the limb of a crustacean or other arthropods (同)chela, nipper, pincer
a birds foot
sharp curved horny process on the toe of a bird or some mammals or reptiles
attack as if with claws; "The politician clawed his rival"
clutch as if in panic; "She clawed the doorknob"
move as if by clawing, seizing, or digging; "They clawed their way to the top of the mountain"
having or resembling hoofs; "horses and other hoofed animals" (同)ungulated, hoofed, hooved
any of a number of mammals with hooves that are superficially similar but not necessarily closely related taxonomically (同)hoofed mammal
open pie filled with a mixture of sweet crumbs and molasses
the mark of Satan (同)cloven_foot
a professional dancer (同)stepper

PrepTutorEJDIC

(馬・牛などの)『ひづめ』 / (ひづめのある動物の)足
(鳥・動物の足の)『かぎづめ』;かぎづめのある足 / (エビ・カニなどの)はさみ / かぎづめの形をした物(くぎ抜きなど) / …'を'かぎづめでひっかく(引き裂く) / …'を'かぎづめでひっかいて作る
ひづめのある,有蹄の / 有蹄類
hoofの複数形
《古》利益,必要
ひづめの音
ほう(驚き・賞賛・冷笑などの発声);お‐い(呼びかけ・注意などの発声)
娼婦・売春婦：（whoreの発音をくずしたもの）
ひづめのある

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/27 13:19:07」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Cloven hooves of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), with dew claws

A hoof ( /ˈhuːf/ or /ˈhʊf/), plural hooves ( /ˈhuːvz/ or /ˈhʊvz/) or hoofs ( /ˈhʊfs/), is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick horny (keratin) covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole, and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use.

Most even-toed ungulates (such as sheep, goats, deer, cattle, bison and pigs) have two main hooves on each foot, together called a cloven hoof. Most of these cloven-hoofed animals also have two smaller hoofs called dew-claws a little further up the leg – these are not normally used for walking, but in some species with larger dew-claws (such as deer and pigs) they may touch the ground when running or jumping, or if the ground is soft. Other cloven-hoofed animals (such as giraffes and pronghorns) have no dew claws. In some so-called "cloven-hoofed" animals such as camels, there are no hooves proper – the toe is softer, and the hoof itself is reduced to little more than a nail.

Some odd-toed ungulates (equids) have one hoof on each foot; others (including rhinoceroses, tapirs and many extinct species) have (or had) three hoofed or heavily nailed toes, or one hoof and two dew-claws. The tapir is a special case, with three toes on each hind foot and four toes on each front foot.

Sagittal section of a wild horsehoof.
Pink: soft tissues;
light gray: bone;
blue: tendons;
red: corium;
yellow: digital cushion;
dark gray: frog;
orange: sole;
brown: walls
Rear foot of a giraffe (no dew claws)
Rear hooves of a horse
Camel hoof
Malayan tapir hooves: front with four toes, back with three toes

Uses

Hooves have historical significance in ceremonies and games. They have been used in burial ceremonies^[1].
Hooves have also been used in the manufacture of high end glues.

References

^ M. E. Robertson-Mackay (1980). A head and hooves burial beneath a round barrow, with other Neolithic and Bronze Age sites on Hemp Knoll, near Avebury, Wiltshire. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. http://www.zotero.org/samwalsh/items/7EBE4GDE.

English Journal

Cure of cancer for seven cancer sites in the Flemish Region.

Silversmit G1, Jegou D1, Vaes E1, Van Hoof E2, Goetghebeur E3, Van Eycken L1.
International journal of cancer.Int J Cancer.2017 Mar 1;140(5):1102-1110. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30532.
Cumulative relative survival curves for many cancers reach a plateau several years after diagnosis, indicating that the cancer survivor group has reached "statistical" cure. Parametric mixture cure model analysis on grouped relative survival curves provide an interesting way to determine the proport
PMID 27870056

The origins, scaling and loss of tetrapod digits.

Saxena A1, Towers M2, Cooper KL3.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2017 Feb 5;372(1713). pii: 20150482.
Many of the great morphologists of the nineteenth century marvelled at similarities between the limbs of diverse species, and Charles Darwin noted these homologies as significant supporting evidence for descent with modification from a common ancestor. Sir Richard Owen also took great care to highli
PMID 27994123

Molecular epidemiology of Brucella abortus isolated from cattle in Brazil, 2009-2013.

Oliveira MS1, Dorneles EM2, Soares PM3, Fonseca AA Junior4, Orzil L5, de Souza PG5, Lage AP6.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2017 Feb;166:106-113. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.023. Epub 2016 Nov 2.
The aims of the present study were to genotype Brucella abortus strains isolated from cattle in Brazil between 2009 and 2013, and to analyze their distribution to support the Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação de Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT) (National Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Cont
PMID 27816477

Review: welfare of dairy cows in continuously housed and pasture-based production systems.

Arnott G1, Ferris CP2, O'Connell NE1.
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience.Animal.2017 Feb;11(2):261-273. doi: 10.1017/S1751731116001336. Epub 2016 Jul 1.
There is increasing interest in the use of continuous housing systems for dairy cows, with various reasons put forward to advocate such systems. However, the welfare of dairy cows is typically perceived to be better within pasture-based systems, although such judgements are often not scientifically
PMID 27364762