グルタチオンジスルフィド
- 関
- GSSG、oxidized glutathione
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2018/04/23 19:14:19」(JST)
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Glutathione disulfide
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Names |
IUPAC name
(2S)-2-Amino-5-[[(2R)-3-[(2R)-2-[[(4S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(carboxymethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]disulfanyl-1- (carboxymethylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
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Identifiers |
CAS Number
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3D model (JSmol)
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Abbreviations |
GSSG |
ChEMBL |
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ChemSpider |
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ECHA InfoCard |
100.043.777 |
IUPHAR/BPS
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InChI
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InChI=1S/C20H32N6O12S2/c21-9(19(35)36)1-3-13(27)25-11(17(33)23-5-15(29)30)7-39-40-8-12(18(34)24-6-16(31)32)26-14(28)4-2-10(22)20(37)38/h9-12H,1-8,21-22H2,(H,23,33)(H,24,34)(H,25,27)(H,26,28)(H,29,30)(H,31,32)(H,35,36)(H,37,38)/t9-,10-,11-,12-/m0/s1 N
Key: YPZRWBKMTBYPTK-BJDJZHNGSA-N N
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InChI=1/C20H32N6O12S2/c21-9(19(35)36)1-3-13(27)25-11(17(33)23-5-15(29)30)7-39-40-8-12(18(34)24-6-16(31)32)26-14(28)4-2-10(22)20(37)38/h9-12H,1-8,21-22H2,(H,23,33)(H,24,34)(H,25,27)(H,26,28)(H,29,30)(H,31,32)(H,35,36)(H,37,38)/t9-,10-,11-,12-/m0/s1
Key: YPZRWBKMTBYPTK-BJDJZHNGBD
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SMILES
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C(CC(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
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Properties |
Chemical formula
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C20H32N6O12S2 |
Molar mass |
612.63 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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N verify (what is YN ?) |
Infobox references |
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Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules.[1]
In living cells, glutathione disulfide is reduced into two molecules of glutathione with reducing equivalents from the coenzyme NADPH. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione reductase.[2] Antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins, generate glutathione disulfide during the reduction of peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH):[3]
- 2 GSH + ROOH → GSSG + ROH + H2O
Other enzymes, such as glutaredoxins, generate glutathione disulfide through thiol-disulfide exchange with protein disulfide bonds or other low molecular mass compounds, such as coenzyme A disulfide or dehydroascorbic acid.[4]
- 2 GSH + R-S-S-R → GSSG + 2 RSH
The GSH:GSSG ratio is therefore an important bioindicator of cellular health, with a higher ratio signifying less oxidative stress in the organism. A lower ratio may even be indicative of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease.[5]
Neuromodulator
GSSG, along with glutathione and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), have been found to bind to the glutamate recognition site of the NMDA and AMPA receptors (via their γ-glutamyl moieties), and may be endogenous neuromodulators.[6][7] At millimolar concentrations, they may also modulate the redox state of the NMDA receptor complex.[7]
See also
- Glutathione-ascorbate cycle
- Antioxidant
References
- ^ Meister A, Anderson ME (1983). "Glutathione". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 52: 711–60. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431. PMID 6137189.
- ^ Deneke SM, Fanburg BL (1989). "Regulation of cellular glutathione". The American Journal of Physiology. 257 (4 Pt 1): L163–73. PMID 2572174.
- ^ Meister A (1988). "Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (33): 17205–8. PMID 3053703.
- ^ Holmgren A, Johansson C, Berndt C, Lönn ME, Hudemann C, Lillig CH (December 2005). "Thiol redox control via thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33 (Pt 6): 1375–7. doi:10.1042/BST20051375. PMID 16246122.
- ^ Owen, Joshua B.; Butterfield, D. Allan (2010). "Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio". In Bross, Peter; Gregersen, Niels. Protein Misfolding and Cellular Stress in Disease and Aging. Methods in Molecular Biology. 648. pp. 269–77. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-756-3_18. ISBN 978-1-60761-755-6. PMID 20700719.
- ^ Steullet P, Neijt HC, Cuénod M, Do KQ (2006). "Synaptic plasticity impairment and hypofunction of NMDA receptors induced by glutathione deficit: relevance to schizophrenia". Neuroscience. 137 (3): 807–19. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.014. PMID 16330153.
- ^ a b Varga V, Jenei Z, Janáky R, Saransaari P, Oja SS (1997). "Glutathione is an endogenous ligand of rat brain N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors". Neurochemical Research. 22 (9): 1165–71. doi:10.1023/A:1027377605054. PMID 9251108.
Antioxidants
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Food antioxidants |
- 6-Hydroxymelatonin
- Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR)
- Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)
- Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
- Carotenoids (vitamin A)
- Curcumin
- Edaravone
- Polyphenols
- Glutathione
- Hydroxytyrosol
- L-carnitine
- Ladostigil
- Melatonin
- Mofegiline
- N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
- N-Acetylserotonin (NAS)
- Oleocanthal
- Oleuropein
- Rasagiline
- Resveratrol
- Selegiline
- Selenium
- Tocopherols (vitamin E)
- Tocotrienols (vitamin E)
- Tyrosol
- Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
- Uric acid
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Fuel antioxidants |
- Butylated hydroxytoluene
- 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
- 1,2-Diaminopropane
- 2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
- Ethylenediamine
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Measurements |
- Folin method
- ORAC
- TEAC
- FRAP
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Neurotransmitters
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Amino acid-derived |
- Major excitatory/inhibitory systems: Glutamate system: Agmatine
- Aspartic acid (aspartate)
- Cycloserine
- Glutamic acid (glutamate)
- Glutathione
- Glycine
- GSNO
- GSSG
- Kynurenic acid
- NAA
- NAAG
- Proline
- Serine; GABA system: GABA
- GABOB
- GHB; Glycine system: α-Alanine
- β-Alanine
- Glycine
- Hypotaurine
- Proline
- Sarcosine
- Serine
- Taurine; GHB system: GHB
- T-HCA (GHC)
- Biogenic amines: Monoamines: 6-OHM
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- NAS (normelatonin)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Serotonin (5-HT); Trace amines: 3-Iodothyronamine
- N-Methylphenethylamine
- N-Methyltryptamine
- m-Octopamine
- p-Octopamine
- Phenylethanolamine
- Phenethylamine
- Synephrine
- Tryptamine
- m-Tyramine
- p-Tyramine; Others: Histamine
- Neuropeptides: See here instead.
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Lipid-derived |
- Endocannabinoids: 2-AG
- 2-AGE (noladin ether)
- 2-ALPI
- 2-OG
- AA-5-HT
- Anandamide (AEA)
- DEA
- LPI
- NADA
- NAGly
- OEA
- Oleamide
- PEA
- RVD-Hpα
- SEA
- Virodhamine (O-AEA)
- Neurosteroids: See here instead.
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Nucleobase-derived |
- Nucleosides: Adenosine system: Adenosine
- ADP
- AMP
- ATP
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Vitamin-derived |
- Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine
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Miscellaneous |
- Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
- Nitric oxide (NO); Candidates: Acetaldehyde
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
- Nitrous oxide (N2O)
- Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
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Glutamate receptor modulators
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
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Group I |
mGluR1 |
- Agonists: ACPD
- DHPG
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- Quisqualic acid
- Ro01-6128
- Ro67-4853
- Ro67-7476
- VU-71
- Theanine
- Antagonists: BAY 36-7620
- CPCCOEt
- Cyclothiazide
- LY-367,385
- LY-456,236
- MCPG
- NPS-2390
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mGluR5 |
- Agonists: ACPD
- ADX-47273
- CDPPB
- CHPG
- DFB
- DHPG
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- Quisqualic acid
- VU-1545
- Antagonists: CTEP
- DMeOB
- LY-344,545
- Mavoglurant
- MCPG
- NPS-2390
- Remeglurant
- SIB-1757
- SIB-1893; Negative allosteric modulators: Basimglurant
- Dipraglurant
- Fenobam
- GRN-529
- MPEP
- MTEP
- Raseglurant
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Group II |
mGluR2 |
- Agonists: BINA
- CBiPES
- DCG-IV
- Eglumegad
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- LY-379,268
- LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)
- LY-487,379
- LY-566,332
- MGS-0028
- Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)
- Talaglumetad; Positive allosteric modulators: JNJ-40411813 (ADX-71149)
- Antagonists: APICA
- CECXG
- EGLU
- HYDIA
- LY-307,452
- LY-341,495
- MCPG
- MGS-0039
- PCCG-4; Negative allosteric modulators: Decoglurant
- RO4491533
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mGluR3 |
- Agonists: CBiPES
- DCG-IV
- Eglumegad
- Glutamate
- Ibotenic acid
- LY-379,268
- LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)
- LY-487,379
- MGS-0028
- Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)
- Talaglumetad
- Antagonists: APICA
- CECXG
- EGLU
- HYDIA
- LY-307,452
- LY-341,495
- MCPG
- MGS-0039; Negative allosteric modulators: Decoglurant
- RO4491533
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Group III |
mGluR4 |
- Agonists: Glutamate
- L-AP4
- PHCCC
- VU-001,171
- VU-0155,041; Positive allosteric modulators: Foliglurax
- MPEP
- Antagonists: CPPG
- MAP4
- MPPG
- MSOP
- MTPG
- UBP-1112
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mGluR6 |
- Agonists: Glutamate
- L-AP4
- Antagonists: CPPG
- MAP4
- MPPG
- MSOP
- MTPG
- UBP-1112
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mGluR7 |
- Agonists: AMN082
- Glutamate
- L-AP4
- Antagonists: CPPG
- MAP4
- MMPIP
- MPPG
- MSOP
- MTPG
- UBP-1112
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mGluR8 |
- Agonists: DCPG
- Glutamate
- L-AP4
- Antagonists: CPPG
- MAP4
- MPPG
- MSOP
- MTPG
- UBP-1112
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See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators • Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Smart Nanoparticles Based on Hyaluronic Acid for Redox-Responsive and CD44 Receptor-Mediated Targeting of Tumor.
- Park HK1, Lee SJ, Oh JS, Lee SG, Jeong YI, Lee HC.
- Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2015 Dec;10(1):981. doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-0981-5. Epub 2015 Jul 11.
- BACKGROUND: Since aggressive cancer cells highly express the CD44 receptor compared to normal cells, hyaluronic acid (HA) can be used for CD44 targeting molecule. Since glutathione (GSH) level is normally elevated in the intracellular compartment and in the tumor cell, the fact that disulfide bond c
- PMID 26163139
- Glutathione metabolism in the HaCaT cell line as a model for the detoxification of the model sensitisers 2,4-dinitrohalobenzenes in human skin.
- Jacquoilleot S1, Sheffield D2, Olayanju A3, Sison-Young R3, Kitteringham NR3, Naisbitt DJ3, Aleksic M2.
- Toxicology letters.Toxicol Lett.2015 Aug 19;237(1):11-20. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.016. Epub 2015 May 26.
- Glutathione (GSH) is the most prominent antioxidant in cells and the co-factor of an important set of enzymes involved in the skin metabolic clearance system, glutathione S-transferases (GST). Here, we describe an LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy) method to measure GSH and its disulfid
- PMID 26022718
- Sulfur amino acid metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
- Kwak HC1, Kim YM2, Oh SJ3, Kim SK4.
- Biochemical pharmacology.Biochem Pharmacol.2015 Aug 1;96(3):256-66. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 Jun 3.
- The present study was aimed to investigate the metabolomics of sulfur amino acids in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, an obese type 2 diabetic animal model. Plasma levels of total cysteine, homocysteine and methionine, but not glutathione (GSH) were markedly decreased in ZDF rats. Hepatic methionin
- PMID 26047850
Japanese Journal
- Metabolomics changes in a rat model of obstructive jaundice: mapping to metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids as well as oxidative stress
- Metabolomics changes in a rat model of obstructive jaundice: mapping to metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids as well as oxidative stress
- Efficient Separation and Sensitive Detection of Biothiols by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection after Derivatization with 4-Aminosulfonyl-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
Related Links
- Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Glutathione disulfide, 27025-41-8. ... Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Oxford University Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
- glutathione reduced glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide containing glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine, which serves as a reducing agent in many biochemical reactions, being converted to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in which the ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- glutathione disulfide, GSSG
- 同
- 酸化型グルタチオン、オキシグルタチオン oxiglutatione
- 商
- ビーエスエスプラス
- 関
- グルタチオン
[show details]
- っていうか、オキシグルタチオンなんていう名称は正しくない気がする。ただのGSSGじゃん。どういう使い分けがされているの?
酸化型グルタチオン : 約 3,990 件
グルタチオンジスルフィド : 約 902 件
オキシグルタチオン : 約 1,210 件
- 酸化型グルタチオン。
- グルタチオン(GSH)の酸化型(GSSG)である。酸化型グルタチオン、あるいはグルタチオンジスルフィドと呼ばれる。眼内に投与されたオキシグルタチオンは組織に取り込まれグルタチオン還元酵素によりグルタチオンとなり、組織のH2O2の除去などをおこなう。眼内灌流液にオキシグルタチオンを添加することで、角膜保護作用、血液房水柵破壊抑制作用、水晶体透明性維持作用、網膜機能維持作用の効果が期待できる。
[★]
グルタチオンジスルフィド
- 関
- glutathione disulfide、oxidized glutathione
[★]
ジスルフィド、二硫化物
- 関
- disulphide