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marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism (同)euglenophyte, euglenid

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/10 14:28:00」(JST)

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The glenoid cavity (or glenoid fossa of scapula from Greek: gléne, "socket") is a part of the shoulder. It is a shallow pyriform, articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It is directed laterally and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus; it is broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest.

This cavity forms the glenohumeral joint along with the humerus. This type of joint is classified as a synovial, ball and socket joint. The humerus is held in place within the glenoid cavity by means of the long head of the bicep tendon. This tendon originates on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity and loops over the shoulder bracing humerus against the cavity. The rotator cuff also reinforces this joint more specifically with the supraspinatus tendon to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.

The cavity surface is covered with cartilage in the fresh state; and its margins, slightly raised, give attachment to a fibrocartilaginous structure, the glenoid labrum, which deepens the cavity. This cartilage is very susceptible to tearing. When torn, it is most commonly known as a SLAP lesion which is generally caused by repetitive shoulder movements.

Compared to the acetabulum (hip-joint) the glenoid cavity is relatively shallow. This makes the shoulder joint prone to luxation. Strong ligaments and muscles prevents luxation in most cases.

By being so shallow the glenoid cavity allows the glenohumeral joint to have the greatest mobility of all joints in the body, allowing 120 degrees of unassisted flexion. This is also accomplished by the great mobility of the scapula (shoulder blade).

Evolution

Interpretations of the fossil remains of Australopithecus africanus (STS 7) and A. afarensis (AL 288-1; a.k.a. Lucy) suggest that the glenoid fossa was oriented more cranially in these species than in modern humans. This reflects the importance of overhead limb postures and suggests a retention of arboreal adaptations in these hominoid primates, whereas the lateral orientation of the glenoid in modern humans reflects the typical lowered position of the arm. ^[1]

In dinosaurs

In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus (upper bone of the forelimb) is called the glenoid. The glenoid is important because it defines the range of motion of the humerus.^[2]

Additional images

Left scapula. Glenoid cavity shown in red.
Animation. Glenoid cavity shown in red.
Same as the left. Humerus have been removed.
Glenoid fossa of right side.
Left scapula. Lateral view.
Left scapula. Lateral view. Glenoid cavity shown in red.
Anterior view of left Scapula showing Glenoid cavity "2"
Glenoid cavity of glenohumeral joint
Animation of glenohumeral joint. The muscles shown are subscapularis muscle (at right), infraspinatus muscle (at top left), teres minor muscle (at bottom left).
Animation of glenohumeral joint. The muscle shown is supraspinatus muscle.

Notes

^ Larson 2009, p. 65
^ Martin, A.J. (2006). Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. pg. 299-300. ISBN 1–4051–3413–5.

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

References

Larson, Susan G. (2009). "Evolution of the Hominin Shoulder: Early Homo". In Grine, Frederick E.; Fleagle, John G.; Leakey, Richard E. The First Humans – Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9980-9. ISBN 978-1-4020-9979-3.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: THE UNITY OF FORM AND FUNCTION, SIXTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Written by Kenneth Saladin
http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/glenoid_labrum_tear/index.html

External links

Diagram at cerrocoso.edu
Anatomy figure: 03:02-07 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Mechanics of Glenohumeral Instability at University of Washington Department of Orthopaedics

UpToDate Contents

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1. 肩部の身体診察 physical examination of the shoulder
2. 成人における上腕骨近位端骨折 proximal humeral fractures in adults
3. 小児および思春期における急性肩痛および傷害の外傷性原因 traumatic causes of acute shoulder pain and injury in children and adolescents
4. 鎖骨骨折 clavicle fractures
5. 肩関節脱臼および整復 shoulder dislocation and reduction

English Journal

Multi-patient finite element simulation of keeled versus pegged glenoid implant designs in shoulder arthroplasty.

Pomwenger W1, Entacher K, Resch H, Schuller-Götzburg P.
Medical & biological engineering & computing.Med Biol Eng Comput.2015 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print]
This study investigates the mechanical behaviour of keeled and pegged implant designs used in shoulder arthroplasty for the first time using multiple 3D models. Thus, this study should provide valuable insights into the preferable use of either of these two controversial implant designs. Three-dimen
PMID 25850981

Glenoid diameter is an inaccurate method for percent glenoid bone loss quantification: analysis and techniques for improved accuracy.

Bhatia S1, Saigal A1, Frank RM2, Bach BR Jr1, Cole BJ1, Romeo AA1, Verma NN1.
Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association.Arthroscopy.2015 Apr;31(4):608-614.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.02.020.
PURPOSE: To compare diameter-based glenoid bone loss quantification with a true geometric calculation for the area of a circular segment.METHODS: By use of Maxima 12.01.0 mathematics modeling software (Macysma, Boston, MA), the diameter-based glenoid bone loss equation (% Bone loss = [Defect width
PMID 25842231

A comparison of actual and theoretical treatments of glenoid fractures.

Mulder FJ1, van Suchtelen M1, Menendez ME1, Gradl G1, Neuhaus V2, Ring D3.
Injury.Injury.2015 Apr;46(4):699-702. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.01.037. Epub 2015 Jan 31.
BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the operative treatment of glenoid fractures. The purpose of this study was to see whether there was a difference between how patients with a glenoid fracture would receive treatment according to theoretical operative indications based on the measurement of compu
PMID 25697856

Japanese Journal

6 改良型Herbst装置が顎顔面形態に及ぼす影響(第546回大阪歯科学会例会)

田隅千智,松本尚之
歯科医学 78(1), 26, 2015-03-25
… We examined morphological and functional changes induced with the use of a modified Herbst appliance to promote condylar cartilage growth and thereby induce forward remodeling of the glenoid fossa. …
NAID 110009919222

Comparing trapezius muscle activity in the different planes of shoulder elevation

Ishigaki Tomonobu,Ishida Tomoya,Samukawa Mina,Saito Hiroshi,Hirokawa Motoki,Ezawa Yuya,Sugawara Makoto,Tohyama Harukazu,Yamanaka Masanori
Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27(5), 1495-1497, 2015
… These changes in the trapezius muscles could induce appropriate scapular motion to face the glenoid cavity in the correct directions in different planes of shoulder elevation. …
NAID 130005072228

大きなグレノイド骨欠損を伴う外傷性肩関節前方不安定症に対するハイブリッド手術 : Bankart法併用烏口突起移植術

濱崎雅成,末永直樹,大泉尚美 [他]
臨床整形外科 49(12), 1053-1058, 2014-12
NAID 40020280800

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拡張検索	「euglenoid」「glenoid fossa」

「euglenoid」

Glenoid cavity
	Costal surface of left scapula. Glenoid cavity shown in red.
	Glenoid cavity shown in red. This cavity articulates with the head of the humerus.
Details
Latin	cavitas glenoidalis, fossa glenoidalis
Identifiers
Gray's	p.207
Dorlands; /Elsevier	c_16/12220465
TA	A02.4.01.019
FMA	23275
	Anatomical terms of bone