関: gene analyses、gene analysis、genetic analysis

WordNet

pertaining to or referring to origin; "genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work"
of or relating to the science of genetics; "genetic research" (同)genetical
the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms (同)genetic science
agile Old World viverrine having a spotted coat and long ringed tail (同)Genetta genetta

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遺伝学
=analyze

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/06/02 14:49:04」(JST)

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Genetic analysis is the overall process of studying and researching in fields of science that involve genetics and molecular biology. There are a number of applications that are developed from this research, and these are also considered parts of the process. The base system of analysis revolves around general genetics. Basic studies include identification of genes and inherited disorders. This research has been conducted for centuries on both a large-scale physical observation basis and on a more microscopic scale. Genetic analysis can be used generally to describe methods both used in and resulting from the sciences of genetics and molecular biology, or to applications resulting from this research.

Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic/inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer. Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutations, fusion genes, and DNA copy number changes.

FDA microbiologist prepares DNA samples for gel electrophoresis analysis

History of genetic analysis

Much of the research that set the foundation of genetic analysis began in prehistoric times. Early humans found that they could practice selective breeding to improve crops and animals. They also identified inherited traits in humans that were eliminated over the years. The many genetic analyses gradually evolved over time.

Mendelian research

Modern genetic analysis began in the mid-1800s with research conducted by Gregor Mendel. Mendel, who is known as the "father of modern genetics", was inspired to study variation in plants. Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea plants (i.e., Pisum sativum). This study showed that one in four pea plants had purebred recessive alleles, two out of four were hybrid and one out of four were purebred dominant. His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later became known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. Lacking the basic understanding of heredity, Mendel observed various organisms and first utilized genetic analysis to find that traits were inherited from parents and those traits could vary between children. Later, it was found that units within each cell are responsible for these traits. These units are called genes. Each gene is defined by a series of amino acids that create proteins responsible for genetic traits.

Various types of genetic analysis

Genetic analyses include molecular technologies such as PCR, RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, and DNA microarrays, and cytogenetic methods such as karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation.

Electrophoresis apparatus

DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing is essential to the applications of genetic analysis. This process is used to determine the order of nucleotide bases. Each molecule of DNA is made from adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, which determine what function the genes will possess. This was first discovered during the 1970s. DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. By generating a DNA sequence for a particular organism, you are determining the patterns that make up genetic traits and in some cases behaviors.

Sequencing methods have evolved from relatively laborious gel-based procedures to modern automated protocols based on dye labelling and detection in capillary electrophoresis that permit rapid large-scale sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes. Knowledge of DNA sequences of genes and other parts of the genome of organisms has become indispensable for basic research studying biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery.

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes. Polymerase chain reaction studies the amplification of DNA. Because of the close analysis of chromosomes in cytogenetics, abnormalities are more readily seen and diagnosed.

Karyotyping

A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism.

Karyotype of chromosomes

Karyotypes describe the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. Karyotyping uses a system of studying chromosomes to identify genetic abnormalities and evolutionary changes in the past.

DNA microarrays

A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome. When a gene is expressed in a cell, it generates messenger RNA (mRNA). Overexpressed genes generate more mRNA than underexpressed genes. This can be detected on the microarray Since an array can contain tens of thousands of probes, a microarray experiment can accomplish many genetic tests in parallel. Therefore arrays have dramatically accelerated many types of investigations.

PCR

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications. These include DNA cloning for sequencing, DNA-based phylogeny, or functional analysis of genes; the diagnosis of hereditary diseases; the identification of genetic fingerprints (used in forensic sciences and paternity testing); and the detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Practical application

Cancer breakthrough

Numerous practical advancements have been made in the field of genetics and molecular biology through the processes of genetic analysis. One of the most prevalent advancements during the late 20th and early 21st centuries is a greater understanding of cancer's link to genetics. By identifying which genes in the cancer cells are working abnormally, doctors can better diagnose and treat cancers.

Possibilities

This research has been able to identify the concepts of genetic mutations, fusion genes and changes in DNA copy numbers, and advances are made in the field every day. Much of these applications have led to new types of sciences that use the foundations of genetic analysis. Reverse genetics uses the methods to determine what is missing in a genetic code or what can be added to change that code. Genetic linkage studies analyze the spatial arrangements of genes and chromosomes. There have also been studies to determine the legal and social and moral effects of the increase of genetic analysis. Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic/inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer. Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutations, fusion genes, and DNA copy number changes.

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English Journal

Paralia (Bacillariophyta) stowaways in ship ballast: implications for biogeography and diversity of the genus.

MacGillivary ML1, Kaczmarska I1.
Journal of biological research (Thessalonikē, Greece).J Biol Res (Thessalon).2015 Feb 15;22(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s40709-015-0024-5. eCollection 2015.
BACKGROUND: The genus Paralia Heiberg is one of the most recognizable, widely distributed and commonly reported diatoms from contemporary coastal marine environments and ship ballast. Species discovery has historically been made in diatoms through the recognition of morphological discontinuities bet
PMID 25984507

Prolonged exposure, paroxetine and the combination in the treatment of PTSD following a motor vehicle accident. A randomized clinical trial - The "TRAKT" study.

Popiel A1, Zawadzki B2, Pragłowska E3, Teichman Y4.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2015 Sep;48:17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.002. Epub 2015 Jan 28.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Little is known about direct comparisons of the efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapies and SSRIs. This is the first randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of prolonged exposure (PE), paroxetine (Ph) and their combination (Comb) in a sample of adults diagnosed
PMID 25677254

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Fas gene are associated with papillary thyroid cancer.

Eun YG1, Lee YC1, Kim SK2, Chung JH2, Kwon KH3, Park IS4.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2015 Aug;42(4):326-31. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.02.001. Epub 2015 Mar 29.
OBJECTIVES: Fas is the prototypic representative of the death receptor subgroup of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the Fas or Fas ligand (FasL) genes have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of several cancers and wi
PMID 25824544

Japanese Journal

Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis defines novel molecular subgroups in rhabdomyosarcoma.

Seki Masafumi,Nishimura Riki,Yoshida Kenichi,Shimamura Teppei,Shiraishi Yuichi,Sato Yusuke,Kato Motohiro,Chiba Kenichi,Tanaka Hiroko,Hoshino Noriko,Nagae Genta,Shiozawa Yusuke,Okuno Yusuke,Hosoi Hajime,Tanaka Yukichi,Okita Hajime,Miyachi Mitsuru,Souzaki Ryota,Taguchi Tomoaki,Koh Katsuyoshi,Hanada Ryoji,Kato Keisuke,Nomura Yuko,Akiyama Masaharu,Oka Akira,Igarashi Takashi,Miyano Satoru,Aburatani Hiroyuki,Hayashi Yasuhide,Ogawa Seishi,Takita Junko
Nature communications 6, 2015-07-03
… Here we studied 60 RMSs using whole-exome/-transcriptome sequencing, copy number (CN) and DNA methylome analyses to unravel the genetic/epigenetic basis of RMS. …
NAID 120005623266

Distinct Lineages of Bufavirus in Wild Shrews and Nonhuman Primates

Sasaki Michihito,Orba Yasuko,Anindita Paulina D.,Ishii Akihiro,Ueno Keisuke,Hang'ombe Bernard M.,Mweeile Aaron S.,Ito Kimihito,Sawa Hirofumi
Emerging Infectious Diseases 21(7), 1230-1233, 2015-07
… Phylogenetic analyses showed that these viruses are related to human bufaviruses, highlighting the presence and genetic diversity of bufaviruses in wildlife. …
NAID 120005649122

Development and Evaluation of Microsatellite Markers for Acer miyabei (Sapindaceae), a Threatened Maple Species in East Asia

Saeki Ikuyo,Hirao Akira S.,Tanaka Kenta
APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 3(6), 1500020, 2015-06
… Premise of the study: Twelve microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in a threatened maple species, Acer miyabei (Sapindaceae), for use in population genetic analyses. … Conclusions: The developed markers will be useful in characterizing the genetic structure and diversity of A. … miyabei and will help to understand its spatial genetic variation, levels of inbreeding, and patterns of gene flow, thereby providing a basis for conservation. …
NAID 120005627795

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リンク元	「遺伝子解析」「gene analyses」「gene analysis」「genetic analysis」
関連記事	「analyses」「genetic」「analyse」「genet」