gastrointestinal function

• 胃腸機能、消化管機能

関

alimentary function、digestive function

WordNet

1. perform as expected when applied; "The washing machine wont go unless its plugged in"; "Does this old car still run well?"; "This old radio doesnt work anymore" (同)work, operate, go, run
2. (mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function) (同)mathematical function, single-valued function, map, mapping
3. a relation such that one thing is dependent on another; "height is a function of age"; "price is a function of supply and demand"
4. the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group; "the function of a teacher"; "the government must do its part"; "play its role" (同)office, part, role
5. what something is used for; "the function of an auger is to bore holes"; "ballet is beautiful but what use is it?" (同)purpose, role, use
6. a formal or official social gathering or ceremony; "it was a black-tie function"
7. of or relating to the stomach and intestines; "a gastrointestinal disorder" (同)GI
8. performing or able to perform its regular function; "a functioning flashlight"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (人・物の果たすべき)『働き』,機能,役目;《しばしば複数形で》職務 / (公式の)儀式,《話》大きな催し(集まり),式典 / (数学で)関数 / 〈機械などが〉『機能を果たす』,動く / (…の)役目をする,代用となる《+『as』+『名』》
2. 胃腸の,胃腸に影響する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/25 23:16:37」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Human gastrointestinal tract
Stomach colon rectum diagram
Details
System	Digestive system
Latin	Tractus digestorius (mouth to anus), canalis alimentarius (esophagus to large intestine), canalis gastrointestinales (stomach to large intestine)
Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The human gastrointestinal tract (GI tract or GIT) is an organ system responsible for transporting and digesting foodstuffs, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste.

The tract consists of the stomach and intestines, and is divided into the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. The GI tract includes all structures between the mouth and the anus, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organs of digestion, namely, the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. In contrast, the human digestive system comprises the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment.

The whole human GI tract is about nine metres (30 feet) long at autopsy. It is considerably shorter in the living body because the intestines, which are tubes of smooth muscle tissue, maintain constant muscle tone, somewhat like a slinky that maintains itself in a halfway-tense state but can relax in spots to allow for local distention, peristalsis, and so on.

The GI tract releases hormones from enzymes to help regulate the digestive process. These hormones, including gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin, are mediated through either intracrine or autocrine mechanisms, indicating that the cells releasing these hormones are conserved structures throughout evolution.

Structure

The structure and function can be described both as gross anatomy and as microscopic anatomy or histology. The tract itself is divided into upper and lower tracts, and the intestines small and large parts.

Upper gastrointestinal tract

Main articles: Esophagus, Stomach, and duodenum

Upper and Lower human gastrointestinal tract

The upper gastrointestinal tract consists of the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The exact demarcation between the upper and lower tracts is the suspensory muscle of the duodenum. This delineates the embryonic borders between the foregut and midgut, and is also the division commonly used by clinicians to describe gastrointestinal bleeding as being of either "upper" or "lower" origin. Upon dissection, the duodenum may appear to be a unified organ, but it is divided into four segments based upon function, location, and internal anatomy. The four segments of the duodenum are as follows (starting at the stomach, and moving toward the jejunum): bulb, descending, horizontal, and ascending. The suspensory muscle attaches the superior border of the ascending duodenum to the diaphragm.

The suspensory muscle is an important anatomical landmark which shows the formal division between the duodenum and the jejunum, the first and second parts of the small intestine, respectively. This is a thin muscle which is derived from the embryonic mesoderm.

Lower gastrointestinal tract

The lower gastrointestinal tract includes most of the small intestine and all of the large intestine. In human anatomy, the intestine (bowel, or gut) is the segment of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. In humans, the small intestine is further subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum while the large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Small intestine

Main article: Small intestine

The small intestine begins at the duodenum, which receives food from the stomach. It is a tubular structure, usually between 6 and 7 m long. The area of the human, adult small intestinal mucosa is about 30 m². Its main function is to absorb the products of digestion (including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) into the bloodstream. It has three major divisions:

1. Duodenum: A short structure (about 20–25 cm long) which receives chyme from the stomach, together with pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bile from the gall bladder. The digestive enzymes break down proteins, and bile emulsifies fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands, which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralizes the stomach acids contained in the chyme.
2. Jejunum: This is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m long, and contains the circular folds, and villi that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.
3. Ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well as any other remaining nutrients.

Large intestine

Main article: Large intestine

The large intestine also called the colon, consists of the cecum, rectum, and anal canal. It also includes the appendix, which is attached to the cecum. The colon is further divided into:

1. Cecum (first portion of the colon) and appendix
2. Ascending colon (ascending in the back wall of the abdomen)
3. Right colic flexure (flexed portion of the ascending and transverse colon apparent to the liver)
4. Transverse colon (passing below the diaphragm)
5. Left colic flexure (flexed portion of the transverse and descending colon apparent to the spleen
6. Descending colon (descending down the left side of the abdomen)
7. Sigmoid colon (a loop of the colon closest to the rectum)
8. Rectum
9. Anus

The main function of the large intestine is to absorb water. The area of the large intestinal mucosa of an adult human is about 2 m².

Development

The gut is an endoderm-derived structure. At approximately the sixteenth day of human development, the embryo begins to fold ventrally (with the embryo's ventral surface becoming concave) in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold toward one another. The result is that a piece of the yolk sac, an endoderm-lined structure in contact with the ventral aspect of the embryo, begins to be pinched off to become the primitive gut. The yolk sac remains connected to the gut tube via the vitelline duct. Usually this structure regresses during development; in cases where it does not, it is known as Meckel's diverticulum.

During fetal life, the primitive gut is gradually patterned into three segments: foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Although these terms are often used in reference to segments of the primitive gut, they are also used regularly to describe regions of the definitive gut as well.

Each segment of the gut is further specified and gives rise to specific gut and gut-related structures in later development. Components derived from the gut proper, including the stomach and colon, develop as swellings or dilatations in the cells of the primitive gut. In contrast, gut-related derivatives — that is, those structures that derive from the primitive gut but are not part of the gut proper, in general develop as out-pouchings of the primitive gut. The blood vessels supplying these structures remain constant throughout development.

Part	Part in adult	Gives rise to	Arterial supply
Foregut	Esophagus to first 2 sections of the duodenum	Esophagus, Stomach, Duodenum (1st and 2nd parts), Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Superior portion of pancreas (Note that though the Spleen is supplied by the celiac trunk, it is derived from dorsal mesentery and therefore not a foregut derivative)	celiac trunk
Midgut	lower duodenum, to the first two-thirds of the transverse colon	lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and first two-third of the transverse colon	branches of the superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut	last third of the transverse colon, to the upper part of the anal canal	last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, and upper part of the anal canal	branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

Histology

Main article: Gastrointestinal wall

General structure of the gut wall

• 1: Mucosa: Epithelium
• 2: Mucosa: Lamina propria
• 3: Mucosa: Muscularis mucosae
• 4: Lumen
• 5: Lymphatic tissue
• 6: Duct of gland outside tract
• 7: Gland in mucosa
• 8: Submucosa
• 9: Glands in submucosa
• 10: Meissner's submucosal plexus
• 11: Vein
• 12: Muscularis: Circular muscle
• 13: Muscularis: Longitudinal muscle
• 14: Serosa: Areolar connective tissue
• 15: Serosa: Epithelium
• 16: Auerbach's myenteric plexus
• 17: Nerve
• 18: Artery
• 19: Mesentery

The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy. The GI tract can be divided into four concentric layers in the following order:

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscular layer
• Adventitia or serosa

Mucosa

See also: Oral mucosa and Gastric mucosa

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. that is surrounding the lumen, or open space within the tube. This layer comes in direct contact with digested food (chyme). The mucosa is made up of:

• Epithelium – innermost layer. Responsible for most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes.
• Lamina propria – a layer of connective tissue. Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue
• Muscularis mucosae – a thin layer of smooth muscle that aids the passing of material and enhances the interaction between the epithelial layer and the contents of the lumen by agitation and peristalsis.

The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions. The most variation is seen in the epithelium.

Submucosa

Main article: Submucosa

The submucosa consists of a dense irregular layer of connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscularis externa. It contains the submucosal plexus, an enteric nervous plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscularis externa.

Muscular layer

The muscular layer consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer layer. The circular layer prevents food from traveling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch.

Between the two muscle layers is the myenteric plexus. This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells, (myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (basal electrical rhythm) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system.

The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as chyme. In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces.

Adventitia and serosa

Main articles: Serous membrane and Adventitia

The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract consists of several layers of connective tissue.

Intraperitoneal parts of the GI tract are covered with serosa. These include most of the stomach, first part of the duodenum, all of the small intestine, caecum and appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue. These parts of the tract have a mesentery.

Retroperitoneal parts are covered with adventitia. They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position. For example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the transpyloric plane. These include the esophagus, pylorus of the stomach, distal duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon and anal canal. In addition, the oral cavity has adventitia.

Function

The time taken for food or other ingested objects to transit through the gastrointestinal tract varies depending on many factors, but roughly, it takes less than an hour after a meal for 50% of stomach contents to empty into the intestines while total emptying takes around 2 hours. Subsequently, 50% emptying of the small intestine takes between 1 and 2 hours. Finally, transit through the colon takes 12 to 50 hours with wide variation between individuals.

Immune function

Immune barrier

The gastrointestinal tract forms an important part of the immune system. The surface area of the digestive tract is estimated to be about 32 square meters, or about half a badminton court. With such a large exposure (more than three times larger than the exposed surface of the skin), these immune components function to prevent pathogens from entering the blood and lymph circulatory systems. Fundamental components of this protection are provided by the intestinal mucosal barrier which is composed of physical, biochemical, and immune elements elaborated by the intestinal mucosa. Microorganisms also are kept at bay by an extensive immune system comprising the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

There are additional factors contributing to protection from pathogen invasion. For example, low pH (ranging from 1 to 4) of the stomach is fatal for many microorganisms that enter it. Similarly, mucus (containing IgA antibodies) neutralizes many pathogenic microorganisms. Other factors in the GI tract contribution to immune function include enzymes secreted in the saliva and bile.

Immune system homeostasis

Beneficial bacteria also can contribute to the gastrointestinal system homeostasis. A case in point is the relationship between human gut and Clostridia, one of the most predominant bacterial groups in the gastrointestinal tract. Clostridia play an important role influencing the dynamics of our immune system in the gut. It has been demonstrated that the intake of a high fiber diet could be the responsible for the induction of Treg cells. This is due to the production of short-chain fatty acids during the fermentation of plant derived nutrients such as butyrate and propionate. Basically, the butyrate induces the differentiation of Treg cells by enhancing histone H3 acetylation in the promoter and conserved non-coding sequence regions of the Foxp3 locus, and thus regulating the T cells, having as a result the reduction of the inflammatory response and allergies.

Intestinal microbiota

The large intestine hosts several kinds of bacteria that can deal with molecules that the human body cannot otherwise break down. This is an example of symbiosis. These bacteria also account for the production of gases at host-pathogen interface, inside our intestine(this gas is released as flatulence when eliminated through the anus). However the large intestine is mainly concerned with the absorption of water from digested material (which is regulated by the hypothalamus) and the re absorption of sodium, as well as any nutrients that may have escaped primary digestion in the ileum.

Health-enhancing intestinal bacteria of the gut flora serve to prevent the overgrowth of potentially harmful bacteria in the gut. These two types of bacteria compete for space and "food," as there are limited resources within the intestinal tract. A ratio of 80-85% beneficial to 15–20% potentially harmful bacteria generally is considered normal within the intestines.

Detoxification and drug metabolism

Enzymes such as CYP3A4, along with the antiporter activities, are also instrumental in the intestine's role of drug metabolism in the detoxification of antigens and xenobiotics.

Clinical significance

Main article: Gastrointestinal disease

Disease

There are a number of diseases and conditions affecting the gastrointestinal system, including:

• Infection. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. It occurs more frequently than any other disease of the intestines.
• Cancer may occur at any point in the gastrointestinal tract, and includes mouth cancer, tongue cancer, oesophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and colorectal cancer.
• Inflammatory conditions. Ileitis is an inflammation of the ileum, colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine.
• Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix located at the caecum. This is a potentially fatal condition if left untreated; most cases of appendicitis require surgical intervention.

Diverticular disease is a condition that is very common in older people in industrialized countries. It usually affects the large intestine but has been known to affect the small intestine as well. Diverticulosis occurs when pouches form on the intestinal wall. Once the pouches become inflamed it is known as diverticulitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease is an inflammatory condition affecting the bowel walls, and includes the subtypes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. While Crohn's can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative colitis is limited to the large intestine. Crohn's disease is widely regarded as an autoimmune disease. Although ulcerative colitis is often treated as though it were an autoimmune disease, there is no consensus that it actually is such.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders the most common of which is irritable bowel syndrome. Functional constipation and chronic functional abdominal pain are other functional disorders of the intestine that have physiological causes, but do not have identifiable structural, chemical, or infectious pathologies.

Symptoms

Several symptoms are used to indicate problems with the gastrointestinal tract:

• Vomiting, which may include regurgitation of food or the vomiting of blood
• Diarrhoea, or the passage of liquid or more frequent stools
• Constipation, which refers to the passage of fewer and hardened stools
• Blood in stool, which includes fresh red blood, maroon-coloured blood, and tarry-coloured blood

Treatment

Surgery of the gastrointestinal tract can often be performed in the outpatient setting. In the United States in 2012, operations on the digestive system accounted for 3 of the 25 most common ambulatory surgery procedures and constituted 9.1 percent of all outpatient ambulatory surgeries.

Imaging

Various methods of imaging the gastrointestinal tract include the upper and lower gastrointestinal series:

• Radioopaque dyes may be swallowed to produce a barium swallow
• Parts of the tract may be visualised by camera. This is known as endoscopy if examining the upper gastrointestinal tract, and colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy if examining the lower gastrointestinal tract. Capsule endoscopy is where a capsule is swallowed in order to examine the tract. Biopsies may also be taken when examined.
• An abdominal x-ray may be used to examine the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Other

• Cholera
• Enteric duplication cyst
• Giardiasis
• Pancreatitis
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Yellow fever
• Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative spiral bacterium. Over half the world's population is infected with it, mainly during childhood, it is not certain as to how the disease is transmitted. It colonizes the gastrointestinal system, predominantly the stomach. The bacterium has specific survival conditions that our gastric microenvironment: it is both capnophilic and microaerophilic. Helicobacter also exhibits a tropism for gastric epithelial lining and the gastric mucosal layer about it. Gastric colonization of this bacterium triggers a robust immune response leading to moderate to severe inflammation. This inflammatory response triggers a cascade of mucosal changes that can persist from chronic gastritis, duodenal cancer, metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma, to mucosal associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma). Many individuals go through life without realizing they are infected because they were exposed young and their body sees it as normal flora. However, signs and symptoms are gastritis, burning abdominal pain, weight loss, loss of appetite, bloating, burping, nausea, bloody vomit, and black tarry stools. Infection is easy enough to detect: GI X-rays, endoscopy, blood tests for anti-Helicobacter antibodies, a stool test, and a urease breath test (which is a by-product of the bacteria). If caught soon enough, it can be treated with three doses of different proton pump inhibitors as well as two antibiotics, taking about a week to cure. If not caught soon enough, surgery may be required.
• Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a syndrome caused by a malformation of the digestive system, characterized by a severe impairment in the ability of the intestines to push and assimilate. Symptoms include daily abdominal and stomach pain, nausea, severe distension, vomiting, heartburn, dysphagia, diarrhea, constipation, dehydration and malnutrition. There is no cure for intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Different types of surgery and treatment managing life-threatening complications such as ileus and volvulus, intestinal stasis which lead to bacterial overgrowth, and resection of affected or dead parts of the gut may be needed. Many patients require parenteral nutrition.
• Ileus is a blockage of the intestines.
• Coeliac disease is a common form of malabsorption, affecting up to 1% of people of northern European descent. An autoimmune response is triggered in intestinal cells by digestion of gluten proteins. Ingestion of proteins found in wheat, barley and rye, causes villous atrophy in the small intestine. Lifelong dietary avoidance of these foodstuffs in a gluten-free diet is the only treatment.
• Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine (enteric meaning intestinal), but their symptoms aren't mainly associated with the intestine.
• Endometriosis can affect the intestines, with similar symptoms to IBS.
• Bowel twist (or similarly, bowel strangulation) is a comparatively rare event (usually developing sometime after major bowel surgery). It is, however, hard to diagnose correctly, and if left uncorrected can lead to bowel infarction and death. (The singer Maurice Gibb is understood to have died from this.)
• Angiodysplasia of the colon
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Hirschsprung's disease (aganglionosis)
• Intussusception
• Polyp (medicine) (see also colorectal polyp)
• Pseudomembranous colitis
• Toxic megacolon usually a complication of ulcerative colitis

In other animals

Animal intestines have multiple uses. From each species of livestock that is a source of milk, a corresponding rennet is obtained from the intestines of milk-fed calves. Pig and calf intestines are eaten, and pig intestines are used as sausage casings. Calf intestines supply calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP), and are used to make goldbeater's skin. Other uses are:

• The use of animal gut strings by musicians can be traced back to the third dynasty of Egypt. In the recent past, strings were made out of lamb gut. With the advent of the modern era, musicians have tended to use strings made of silk, or synthetic materials such as nylon or steel. Some instrumentalists, however, still use gut strings in order to evoke the older tone quality. Although such strings were commonly referred to as "catgut" strings, cats were never used as a source for gut strings.
• Sheep gut was the original source for natural gut string used in racquets, such as for tennis. Today, synthetic strings are much more common, but the best gut strings are now made out of cow gut.
• Gut cord has also been used to produce strings for the snares that provide a snare drum's characteristic buzzing timbre. While the modern snare drum almost always uses metal wire rather than gut cord, the North African bendir frame drum still uses gut for this purpose.
• "Natural" sausage hulls, or casings, are made of animal gut, especially hog, beef, and lamb.
• The wrapping of kokoretsi, gardoubakia, and torcinello is made of lamb (or goat) gut.
• Haggis is traditionally boiled in, and served in, a sheep stomach.
• Chitterlings, a kind of food, consist of thoroughly washed pig's gut.
• Animal gut was used to make the cord lines in longcase clocks and for fusee movements in bracket clocks, but may be replaced by metal wire.
• The oldest known condoms, from 1640 AD, were made from animal intestine.

Additional images

• Illustration of gastrointestinal tract.

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.

• Dysbiosis
• Gastrointestinal hormone
• Gastrointestinal physiology
• Major systems of the human body
• Host-pathogen interface
• Anatomy and physiology

References

External links

• Pediatric Overview of Human Digestive System
• Anatomy atlas of the Digestive System
• Overview at Colorado State University
• Your Digestive System and How It Works at National Institutes of Health

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 健常者および疾患を有する患者における消化管ホルモンの概要 overview of gastrointestinal peptides in health and disease
• 2. Overview of the development of the gastrointestinal tract
• 3. 全身性エリテマトーデスの神経精神症状：原因および診断的アプローチ lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children causes and diagnostic approach
• 4. 成人における急性下部消化管出血に対するアプローチ approach to acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in adults
• 5. 成人における急性上部消化管出血へのアプローチ approach to acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults

English Journal

• In vitro evaluation of the safety and probiotic properties of Lactobacilli isolated from chicken and calves.

• Bujnakova D1, Strakova E2, Kmet V1.
• Anaerobe.Anaerobe.2014 Oct;29:118-27. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.10.009. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
• A total of 73 chicken and calves isolates were diagnosed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of flight mass spectrometry (Maldi-Tof MS). After a preliminary subtractive screening based on the high acid tolerance at pH 2.5 and bile resistance at 0.3% oxgall, twenty isolates belongi
• PMID 24291759

• Core Binding Factor β (CBFβ) Is Retained in the Midbody During Cytokinesis.

• Lopez-Camacho C1, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS.
• Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2014 Oct;229(10):1466-74. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24588.
• Core Binding Factor β (CBFβ) is complexed with the RUNX family of transcription factors in the nucleus to support activation or repression of genes related to bone (RUNX2), hematopoiesis (RUNX1) and gastrointestinal (RUNX3) development. Furthermore, RUNX proteins contribute to the onset and progre
• PMID 24648201

• The fermentation of polydextrose in the large intestine and its beneficial effects.

• Röytiö H1, Ouwehand AC2.
• Beneficial microbes.Benef Microbes.2014 Sep 1;5(3):305-13. doi: 10.3920/BM2013.0065.
• Polydextrose is a randomly bonded glucose polymer with a highly branched and complex structure. It resists digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and is partially fermented in the large intestine by the colonic microbes. Due to its complex structure, a plethora of microbes is required for the
• PMID 24736314

Japanese Journal

• 消化器病学を駆使した機能性ディスペプシアの治療(機能性消化管障害の最適治療を求めて,2014年,第55回日本心身医学会総会ならびに学術講演会(千葉))

• 心身医学 55(3), 224-232, 2015-03-01
• NAID 110009917683

• 腹腔鏡・内視鏡合同手術による胃局所切除を施行した残胃GISTの1例

• 日本臨床外科学会雑誌 76(4), 749-752, 2015
• NAID 130005106545

• 下咽頭癌の化学放射線併用療法中に発症したアメーバ赤痢症例

• 耳鼻咽喉科臨床 108(11), 871-876, 2015
• NAID 130005105781

Related Links

• Home - Gastrointestinal Function

The Gastrointestinal Function Profile The Comprehensive Gastrointestinal Microflora plus Chemistries Profile is unlike any other stool analysis profile, going beyond the standard parameters for identifying gastrointestinal disorders. The ...

• gastrointestinal function - AbeBooks - AbeBooks Official Site ...

Gastrointestinal Functions by Edgard E. Delvin, Michael J. Lentze and a great selection of similar Used, New and Collectible Books available now at AbeBooks.com. ... Book Description: Macmillan, [New York], 1970. hardcover.

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「消化管機能」「digestive function」「alimentary function」「胃腸機能」
関連記事	「function」「gastrointestinal」

「消化管機能」

　　[★]

英

gastrointestinal function、digestive function、alimentary function

関

消化機能、胃腸機能

「digestive function」

　　[★]

• 消化機能、消化管機能

関

alimentary function、gastrointestinal function

「alimentary function」

　　[★]

• 消化機能、消化管機能

関

digestive function、gastrointestinal function

「胃腸機能」

　　[★]

英

gastrointestinal function

関

消化管機能

「function」

　　[★]

• n.

• 機能、(数学)関数、(化学)官能基

survival as a function of HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes HbA1cの機能を考慮（指標に）した2型糖尿病の患者の生存（予後）

Figure 2A shows survival as a function of device removal during index hpspitalization, censored at 1 year or date of last contact. (Figure2Aはは最初の入院中における心臓デバイス除去に関する生存曲線で退院後1年もしくは最後の接触で打ち切っている)

• v.

• 機能する

関

functional、functional group、functionalise、functionalize、operate

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「gastrointestinal」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 胃腸の、胃腸管の、胃腸管系の
• 消化管の、消化器の、消化器系の

関

alimentary canal、alimentary system、alimentary tract、digestive organ、digestive system、digestive tract、gastrointestinal system、gastrointestinal tract、GI、GI tract、intestinal