WordNet

an object with a spherical shape; "a ball of fire" (同)globe, orb
a pitch that is not in the strike zone; "he threw nine straight balls before the manager yanked him"
a spherical object used as a plaything; "he played with his rubber ball in the bathtub"
round object that is hit or thrown or kicked in games; "the ball travelled 90 mph on his serve"; "the mayor threw out the first ball"; "the ball rolled into the corner pocket"
the game of baseball
form into a ball by winding or rolling; "ball wool"
a compact mass; "a ball of mud caught him on the shoulder" (同)clod, glob, lump, clump, chunk
a lavish dance requiring formal attire (同)formal
a more or less rounded anatomical body or mass; "the ball at the base of the thumb"; "he stood on the balls of his feet"
the people assembled at a lavish formal dance; "the ball was already emptying out before the fire alarm sounded"
an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia
United States comedienne best known as the star of a popular television program (1911-1989) (同)Lucille Ball
an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『球』,まり,『ボール』 / 〈U〉球技;野球(baseball) / 〈C〉(野球で) / ボール / 投球;打球 / 〈C〉弾丸(bullet) / 〈C〉球状のもの / 〈C〉(特の体の)丸くふくらんだ部分 / 《複数形》《俗》睾丸(こうがん),きんたま / …'を'球の形にする / 球になる
(規模の大きな正式の)『舞踏会』 / 《話》非常に楽しいひととき
〈性俗〉（男性が）～と性交する
菌(葉緑素が無く,他の生物の有機物に依存しているキノコ,カビなど)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/27 20:09:44」(JST)

wiki en

An aspergilloma, also known as a mycetoma or fungus ball, is a clump of mold which exists in a body cavity such as a paranasal sinus or an organ such as the lung. By definition, it is caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus,.^[1]

Etiology

Histopathology of aspergilloma, H&E staining

The most common organ affected by aspergilloma is the lung. Aspergilloma mainly affects people with underlying cavitary lung disease such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and systemic immunodeficiency. Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common causative species, is typically inhaled as small (2 to 3 micron) spores. The fungus settles in a cavity and is able to grow free from interference because critical elements of the immune system are unable to penetrate into the cavity. As the fungus multiplies, it forms a ball, which incorporates dead tissue from the surrounding lung, mucus, and other debris.^[2]

Clinical syndrome

People with aspergillomata typically remain asymptomatic until the condition is fairly advanced; in some cases even for decades. Diagnosis is often made as a result of an incidental finding on a chest X-ray or CT scan that may be performed as part of the workup for another unrelated condition. However, a small percentage of aspergillomata invade into a blood vessel which can result in bleeding. Thus, the most common symptom of associated with aspergillomata is coughing up blood (hemoptysis). This may result in life-threatening hemorrhage, though the amount of blood lost is usually inconsequential.

Aspergillomata can also form in other organs. They can form abscesses in solid organs such as the brain or kidney, usually in people who are immunocompromised. They can also develop within body cavities such as the sphenoid or paranasal sinuses,^[3] the ear canal, and rarely on surfaces such as heart valves.

Treatment

Most cases of aspergilloma do not require treatment.^{[citation needed]} Treatment of diseases which increase the risk of aspergilloma, such as tuberculosis, may help to prevent their formation. In cases complicated by severe hemoptysis or other associated conditions such as pleural empyema or pneumothorax, surgery may be required to remove the aspergilloma and the surrounding lung tissue by doing a lobectomy or other types of resection and thus stop the bleeding. There has been interest in treatment with antifungal medications such as itraconazole, none has yet been shown to reliably eradicate aspergillomata.^{[citation needed]}

Although most fungi — especially Aspergillus — fail to grow in healthy human tissue, significant growth may occur in people whose adaptive immune system is compromised, such as those with chronic granulomatous disease, who are undergoing chemotherapy, or who have recently undergone a bone marrow transplantation. Within the lungs of such individuals the fungal hyphae spread out as a spherical growth. With restoration of normal defense mechanisms, neutrophils and lymphocytes are attracted to the edge of the spherical fungal growth where they lyse, releasing tissue-digesting enzymes as a normal function. A sphere of infected lung is thus cleaved from the adjacent lung. This sphere flops around in the resulting cavity and is recognized on x-ray as a fungus ball. This process is beneficial as a potentially serious invasive fungal infection is converted into surface colonization. Although the fungus is inactivated in the process, surgeons may choose to operate to reduce the possibility of bleeding. Microscopic examination of surgically removed recently formed fungus balls clearly show a sphere of dead lung containing fungal hyphae. Microscopic examination of older lesions reveal mummified tissue which may reveal faint residual lung or hyphal structures.^[4]

References

^ "Aspergilloma". Medical Dictionary. TheFreeDictionary.
^ Soubani AO, Chandrasekar PH (June 2002). "The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis". Chest 121 (6): 1988–9. doi:10.1378/chest.121.6.1988. PMID 12065367.
^ http://www.life-worldwide.org/fungal-diseases/fungus-ball-of-the-sinus/
^ Przyjemski, CJ; Mattii, R (1980). "The Formation of Pulmonary Mycetomata". Cancer 46 (7): 1701–1704. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19801001)46:7<1701::AID-CNCR2820460733>3.0.CO;2-4. PMID 6932257.

External links

Aspergilloma: Features, diagnosis and treatment of Aspergilloma on www.aspergillus.org.uk

UpToDate Contents

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1. 慢性肺アスペルギルス症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
2. 慢性肺アスペルギルス症の治療 treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
3. 膀胱および腎臓のカンジダ感染症 candida infections of the bladder and kidneys
4. 真菌性副鼻腔炎 fungal rhinosinusitis
5. ヒトの疾患における真菌（カビ）の役割 the role of fungi molds in human disease

English Journal

Evaluation of the prevalence and specificities of asymptomatic paranasal sinus aspergillosis: Retrospective study of 59 cases.

Aït-Mansour A1, Pezzettigotta S2, Genty E2, Faulcon P2, Lecanu JB2.
European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases.Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis.2015 Jan 5. pii: S1879-7296(14)00164-1. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2013.10.006. [Epub ahead of print]
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To calculate the prevalence of asymptomatic localized paranasal sinus aspergillosis (or fungus ball) in the general population and to compare asymptomatic and symptomatic fungus balls (FB) in order to determine their specificities.MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study including
PMID 25572611

Emergency pneumonectomy: a life-saving measure for severe recurrent hemoptysis in tuberculosis cavitary lesion.

Patel R1, Singh A1, Mathur RM1, Sisodiya A1.
Case reports in pulmonology.Case Rep Pulmonol.2015;2015:897896. doi: 10.1155/2015/897896. Epub 2015 Jan 5.
Hemoptysis constitutes a common and urgent medical problem. Swift and effective management is of crucial importance, especially in severe, life-threatening cases. Because of bronchial artery or a branch of pulmonary artery erosion due to cavitary infiltration, bronchiectasis, fungus ball, broncholit
PMID 25628912

Through thick and thin: cryptic sympatric speciation in the submersed genus Najas (Hydrocharitaceae).

Les DH1, Peredo EL2, King UM2, Benoit LK2, Tippery NP2, Ball CJ2, Shannon RK2.
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2015 Jan;82 Pt A:15-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.022. Epub 2014 Oct 6.
Cryptic sympatric species arise when reproductive isolation is established in sympatry, leading to genetically divergent lineages that are highly similar morphologically or virtually indistinguishable. Although cryptic sympatric species have been reported in various animals, fungi, and protists, the
PMID 25300454

Japanese Journal

右肺上葉切除後の菌球を伴う有瘻性アスペルギルス膿胸に対しendobronchial Watanabe spigotsを併用した筋皮弁充填術が有効であった1例

気管支学 : 日本気管支研究会雑誌 36(2), 171-175, 2014-03-25
NAID 110009807532

Cavitary Pulmonary Cryptococcosis with an Aspergillus Fungus Ball

Internal Medicine 53(23), 2737-2739, 2014
NAID 130004713274

Variety and Changeability of Pulmonary Aspergillosis

Internal Medicine 53(20), 2409-2410, 2014
NAID 130004699294

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「真菌球」
関連記事	「ball」

「真菌球」

Aspergilloma
	Aspergillomas complicating tuberculosis: multiple aspergillomas within large cavitary lesions of tuberculous origin.
Classification and external resources
DiseasesDB	29065
	[edit on Wikidata]