WordNet

for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls; "the female lead in the play"; "a female chorus"
an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa)
a person who belongs to the sex that can have babies (同)female person
characteristic of or peculiar to a woman; "female sensitiveness"; "female suffrage" (同)distaff
being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop; "a female heir"; "female holly trees bear the berries"
tell the sex (of young chickens)
the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles; "she didnt want to know the sex of the foetus" (同)gender, sexuality
all of the feelings resulting from the urge to gratify sexual impulses; "he wanted a better sex life"; "the film contained no sex or violence" (同)sexual urge
either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided; "the war between the sexes"
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion
having sexual differentiation
characterized by sexuality; "highly sexed"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(動植物について)『雌の』 / (特に性を区別して)『女の』,女性の / (ねじ・差し込みなど)雌の / 『雌』;(性別上の)『女性』 / 《話》女性,婦人
〈U〉〈C〉『性』,性別 / 《the~》《形容詞を伴い集合的に》『男性』,『女性』 / 〈U〉(男女(雌雄)間の)相違[の意識] / 〈U〉性に関する事柄(情報) / 〈U〉性交 / 〈ひよこなど〉‘の'性別を見分ける
ホルモン

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/14 22:41:44」(JST)

wiki en

Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors.^[1] Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and signaling cascades.^[2] The term sex hormone is nearly always synonymous with sex steroid. The non-steroid hormones luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.

Production

Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes),^[3] by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissue such as liver or fat.

Synthetic sex steroids

There are also many synthetic sex steroids. Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids. Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Ethinylestradiol is a semi-synthetic estrogen. Specific compounds that have partial agonist activity for steroid receptors, and therefore act in part like natural steroid hormones, are in use in medical conditions that require treatment with steroid in one cell type, but where systemic effects of the particular steroid in the entire organism are only desirable within certain limits.^[4]

Types

In many contexts, the two main classes of sex steroids are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Other contexts will include progestogens as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens. Progesterone is the most important and only naturally-occurring human progestogen. In general, androgens are considered "male sex hormones", since they have masculinizing effects, while estrogens and progestogens are considered "female sex hormones"^[5] although all types are present in each sex, albeit at different levels.

Sex steroids include:

Androgens:
- Anabolic steroids
- Androstenedione
- Dehydroepiandrosterone
- Dihydrotestosterone
- Testosterone

Estrogens:
- Estradiol
- Estriol
- Estrone

Progestogens:
- Progesterone

References

^ Guerriero G. :)Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 April; 1163:154-68. Review. PMID 19456336
^ Thakur MK, Paramanik V. Role of steroid hormone coregulators in health and disease. Horm Res. 2009; 71(4):194-200. Epub 2009 March 4. Review. PMID 19258710
^ Brook CG. Mechanism of puberty. Horm Res. 1999;51 Suppl 3:52-4. Review. PMID 10592444
^ Copland JA, Sheffield-Moore M, Koldzic-Zivanovic N, Gentry S, Lamprou G, Tzortzatou-Stathopoulou F, Zoumpourlis V, Urban RJ, Vlahopoulos SA. Sex steroid receptors in skeletal differentiation and epithelial neoplasia: is tissue-specific intervention possible? Bioessays. 2009 Jun;31(6):629-41. Review. PMID 19382224
^ Comparative metabolism of female sex steroids in normal and chronically inflamed gingiva of the dog T. M. A. ElAttar11Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden and A. Hugoson, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. and Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden

External links

Sex+Steroid+Hormones at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Sex+hormones at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 健常女性における卵巣の発達および機能不全（閉経） ovarian development and failure menopause in normal women
2. 閉経の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of menopause
3. 女性におけるアンドロゲン欠乏症および治療の概要 overview of androgen deficiency and therapy in women
4. 閉経後の女性における骨粗鬆症のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
5. 転移性ホルモン受容体陽性乳癌に対する治療アプローチ：内分泌療法 treatment approach to metastatic hormone receptor positive breast cancer endocrine therapy

English Journal

Placental DEPTOR as a stress sensor during pregnancy.

Mparmpakas D, Zachariades E, Goumenou A, Gidron Y, Karteris E.SourceBiosciences, Centre for Cell and Chromosome Biology, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2012 Apr;122(7):349-59.
DEPTOR [DEP-domain-containing and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)-interacting protein] is a modulator of mTOR signalling that binds to mTORC (mTOR complex) 1 and mTORC2. However, to date, the precise functions of DEPTOR are not fully elucidated, particularly in reproductive tissues where mTOR a
PMID 21992080

Japanese Journal

The Effect of Sex Hormones on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Expression and Activity in Mature Adipocytes

Sato Hiromi,Sugai Hana,Kurosaki Hiroshi,Ishikawa Momoko,Funaki Asami,Kimura Yuki,Ueno Koichi
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(4), 564-573, 2013
… However, female patients have been reported to experience stronger efficacy and adverse effects than male patients. … This study evaluated the effects of sex hormones on PPARγ expression and activity in adipocytes. … The sex hormones 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), or 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one (dihydrotestosterone; …
NAID 130003361388

Non-genomic Action of Sex Steroid Hormones and Cardiac Repolarization

Kurokawa Junko,Furukawa Tetsushi
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(1), 8-12, 2013
… In particular, female sex is an independent risk factor for development of torsade de pointes (TdP) arrhythmias not only in congenital long QT syndromes but also in acquired long QT syndromes which occur as adverse effects of existing drugs. … In women, QTC interval and arrhythmic risks in TdP alter cyclically during menstrual cycle, suggesting a critical role of female sex hormones in cardiac repolarization process. …
NAID 130003361360