adj.

雌性の、メスの、女の

n.

女性、女子

関: female sex、females、glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta、male、woman、women

WordNet

for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls; "the female lead in the play"; "a female chorus"
an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa)
a person who belongs to the sex that can have babies (同)female person
characteristic of or peculiar to a woman; "female sensitiveness"; "female suffrage" (同)distaff
being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop; "a female heir"; "female holly trees bear the berries"
for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys; "the male lead"; "the male population"
an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova)
a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies (同)male person
characteristic of a man; "a deep male voice"; "manly sports" (同)manful, manlike, manly, virile
being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation; "a male infant"; "a male holly tree"
an adult female person (as opposed to a man); "the woman kept house while the man hunted" (同)adult female
a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man; "he was faithful to his woman"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(動植物について)『雌の』 / (特に性を区別して)『女の』,女性の / (ねじ・差し込みなど)雌の / 『雌』;(性別上の)『女性』 / 《話》女性,婦人
『男性の』,男の;(動物が)雄の,(植物が)雄性の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(機械・器具などが)雄の差し込み口のある / 『男性』;(動物の)雄,雄性植物
〈C〉(成人した)『女』,女性,婦人 / 〈U〉《冠詞をつけずに》『女性[全体]』,女 / 〈C〉《the womanhood》女らしさ,女性特有の感情(性格,言葉づかいなど) / 〈C〉(主婦の代りに)家事をする女性,お手伝いさん;(女王に仕える)侍女,女官 / 〈C〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》妻,恋人,愛人

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/07/14 23:47:26」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

The symbol of the Roman goddess Venus (goddess of love) is often used to represent the female sex and is the alchemical symbol for copper.

Female (♀) is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, that produces non-mobile ova (egg cells). Barring rare medical conditions, most female mammals, including female humans, have two X chromosomes.

Defining characteristics

The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system, while the smaller, usually motile gamete, the spermatozoon, is produced by the male. A female individual cannot reproduce sexually without access to the gametes of a male, or vice versa (an exception is parthenogenesis). Some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

There is no single genetic mechanism behind sex differences in different species and the existence of two sexes seems to have evolved multiple times independently in different evolutionary lineages.^[1] Patterns of sexual reproduction include

Isogamous species with two or more mating types with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level),
Anisogamous species with gametes of male and female types,
Oogamous species, which include humans in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. Oogamy is a form of anisogamy. There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction.^[2]

Other than the defining difference in the type of gamete produced, differences between males and females in one lineage cannot always be predicted by differences in another. The concept is not limited to animals; egg cells are produced by chytrids, diatoms, water moulds and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, but also the structures of the sporophytes that give rise to male and female plants.^{[citation needed]}

Etymology and usage

The word female comes from the Latin femella, the diminutive form of femina, meaning "woman". It is not etymologically related to the word male, but in the late 14th century the spelling was altered in English to parallel the spelling of male.^[3]

Mammalian female

Photograph of an adult female human, with an adult male for comparison. Note that both models have partially shaved body hair.

A distinguishing characteristic of the class Mammalia is the presence of mammary glands. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young for some time after birth. Only mammals produce milk. Mammary glands are most obvious in humans, as the female human body stores large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples, resulting in prominent breasts. Mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are vestigial in the male of the species.^{[citation needed]}

Most mammalian females have two copies of the X chromosome as opposed to the male which carries only one X and one smaller Y chromosome (but some mammals, such as the platypus, have different combinations). To compensate for the difference in size, one of the female's X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell of placental mammals while the paternally derived X is inactivated in marsupials. In birds and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome whilst the male carries two Z chromosomes. Intersex conditions can also give rise to other combinations, such as XO or XXX in mammals, which are still considered as female so long as they do not contain a Y chromosome. However, these conditions frequently result in sterility.^{[citation needed]}

Mammalian females bear live young (with the rare exception of monotremes, which lay eggs). Some non-mammalian species, such as guppies, have analogous reproductive structures; and some other non-mammals, such as sharks, whose eggs hatch inside their bodies, also have the appearance of bearing live young.^{[citation needed]}

Symbol

A common symbol used to represent the female sex is ♀ (Unicode: U+2640 Alt codes: Alt+12), a circle with a small cross underneath. According to Schott,^[4] the most established view is that the male and female symbols "are derived from contractions in Greek script of the Greek names of these planets, namely Thouros (Mars) and Phosphoros (Venus). These derivations have been traced by Renkama^[5] who illustrated how Greek letters can be transformed into the graphic male and female symbols still recognised today." Thouros was abbreviated by θρ, and Phosphoros by Φ, both in the handwriting of alchemists so somewhat different from the Greek symbols we know. These abbreviations were contracted into the modern symbols.^{[citation needed]}

Sex determination

The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species with male and female sexes have individuals that are either male or female, hermaphroditic animals have both male and female reproductive organs.^{[citation needed]}

Genetic determination

The sex of most mammals, including humans, is genetically determined by the XY sex-determination system where males have X and Y (as opposed to X and X) sex chromosomes. During reproduction, the male contributes either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while the female always contributes an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The ZW sex-determination system, where males have ZZ (as opposed to ZW) sex chromosomes, is found in birds, reptiles and some insects and other organisms. Members of Hymenoptera, such as ants and bees, are determined by haplodiploidy, where most males are haploid and females and some sterile males are diploid.^{[citation needed]}

Environmental determination

The young of some species develop into one sex or the other depending on local environmental conditions, e.g. many crocodilians' sex is influenced by the temperature of their eggs. Other species (such as the goby) can transform, as adults, from one sex to the other in response to local reproductive conditions (such as a shortage of males).^{[citation needed]}

Sources

Ayers, Donald M. English Words from Latin and Greek Elements. Second Edition. 1986. University of Arizona Press. United States.

References

^ Christopher Alan Anderson. "The Metaphysics of Sex ...in a Changing World!". Retrieved June 13, 2015.
^ Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale, Chapter 20. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.
^ Online Etymology Dictionary - Female (n.) Retrieved 2010-11-21
^ Schott GD. Sex, drugs, and rock and roll: Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree.BMJ 2005;331:1509-1510 (24 December), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509
^ Renkema HW. Oorsprong, beteekenis en toepassing van de in de botanie gebuikelijke teekens ter aanduiding van het geslacht en den levensduur. In: Jeswiet J, ed. Gedenkboek J Valckenier Suringar. Wageningen: Nederlandsche Dendrologische Vereeniging, 1942: 96-108.

UpToDate Contents

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1. Overview of cardiovascular risk factors in women
2. 女性における術後尿閉 postoperative urinary retention in women
3. 患者情報：男性および女性における脱毛（男性型脱毛症）（詳細） hair loss in men and women androgenetic alopecia beyond the basics
4. タモキシフェンによるホルモン療法を受ける女性の不正子宮出血と子宮の病理 abnormal uterine bleeding and uterine pathology in women on tamoxifen therapy
5. 女性におけるアンドロゲン欠乏症および治療の概要 overview of androgen deficiency and therapy in women

English Journal

Outcome of a cohort of severe cerebral venous thrombosis in intensive care.

Soyer B1,2,3, Rusca M1,2,3, Lukaszewicz AC1,2,3, Crassard I3,4, Guichard JP3,5, Bresson D3,6, Mateo J1,2,3, Payen D7,8,9.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0135-7. Epub 2016 Apr 12.
BACKGROUND: Severity of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) may require the transfer to intensive care unit (ICU). This report described the context for CVT transfer to ICU, the strategy of care and the outcome after 1 year.METHODS: Monocentric cohort of 41 consecutive CVT admitted in a French ICU ter
PMID 27068929

Poor outcome is associated with less negative fluid balance in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with prophylactic vasopressor-induced hypertension.

Sakr Y1,2, Dünisch P3, Santos C4, Matthes L3, Zeidan M5,6, Reinhart K5, Kalff R3, Ewald C3.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0128-6. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious condition associated with high mortality rates and long-term disability. We investigated the impact of fluid balance on neurologic outcome after adjustment for possible confounders related to intensive care therapy and extra-cerebral
PMID 27033710

High-Yield Superovulation in Adult Mice by Anti-Inhibin Serum Treatment Combined with Estrous Cycle Synchronization.

Hasegawa A1, Mochida K2, Inoue H3, Noda Y4, Endo T4, Watanabe G5, Ogura A6.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2016 Dec;94(1):21. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.134023. Epub 2015 Dec 2.
Producing many mature oocytes is of great importance for assisted reproductive technologies. In mice, superovulation by consecutive injections of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been the gold standard for oocyte collection. However, the yield of mature
PMID 26632610

Exposure of Female Rats to an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Brominated Flame Retardants Targets the Ovary, Affecting Folliculogenesis and Steroidogenesis.

Lefèvre PL1, Berger RG1, Ernest SR1, Gaertner DW2, Rawn DF2, Wade MG3, Robaire B4, Hales BF5.
Biology of reproduction.Biol Reprod.2016 Dec;94(1):9. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.134452. Epub 2015 Nov 25.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are incorporated into various consumer products to prevent flame propagation. These compounds leach into the domestic environment, resulting in chronic exposure and contamination. Pregnancy failure is associated with high levels of BFRs in human follicular fluid, r
PMID 26607716

Japanese Journal

看護師養成機関で性同一性障害学生を受け入れた３事例による演習・実習指導に関する検討

聖隷クリストファー大学看護学部紀要 = Bulletin Department of Nursing Seirei Christopher University 22, 45-52, 2104-03-31
NAID 120005614811

Tap dancing birds: the multimodal mutual courtship display of males and females in a socially monogamous songbird

Scientific reports 5, 16614, 2016-11-20
NAID 120005682126

Estradiol Facilitates Functional Integration of iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons into Striatal Neuronal Circuits via Activation of Integrin α5β1

Stem Cell Reports 6(4), 511-524, 2016-04-12
NAID 120005733186

医学教育の現在 : 現状と課題(Vol.10)女性医師キャリア教育の学習目標

医学のあゆみ 257(2), 183-189, 2016-04-09
NAID 40020783977

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「male」「メス」「女性」「雌性」「女」
拡張検索	「female sex」

「male」

　　[★]

n.

オス、男性

adj.

雄性の、男の

関: female、glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta、male sex、males、man、men

「メス」

　　[★]

外科学

英: scalpel, knife
同: 手術刀 surgical knife

生物学

英: females、female
関: 雌性、女性、女、女子

「女性」

　　[★]

英: woman、women、female sex、female
関: オス、雌性、メス、女、女子、雌

「雌性」

　　[★]

英: female, female sex
関: 女性、メス、女、女子、雌

「女」

　　[★]

英: females、female
関: 雌性、女性、メス、女子

「female sex」

　　[★]

女性

関: female、woman、women

[1] Christopher Alan Anderson. "The Metaphysics of Sex ...in a Changing World!". Retrieved June 13, 2015.

[2] Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale, Chapter 20. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.

[3] Online Etymology Dictionary - Female (n.) Retrieved 2010-11-21

[4] Schott GD. Sex, drugs, and rock and roll: Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree.BMJ 2005;331:1509-1510 (24 December), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509

[5] Renkema HW. Oorsprong, beteekenis en toepassing van de in de botanie gebuikelijke teekens ter aanduiding van het geslacht en den levensduur. In: Jeswiet J, ed. Gedenkboek J Valckenier Suringar. Wageningen: Nederlandsche Dendrologische Vereeniging, 1942: 96-108.

v t e Sex
Biologcal terms	Sexual dimorphism Male Female Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex-determination system XY ZW XO Temperature-dependent Haplodiploidy Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Intersex
Sexual reproduction	Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Reproductive system Sex organ Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External Internal Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Human reproduction
Sexuality	Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity

匿名

検索

案内

案内

female