n.

オス、男性

adj.

雄性の、男の

関: female、glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta、male sex、males、man、men

WordNet

for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys; "the male lead"; "the male population"
an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova)
a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies (同)male person
characteristic of a man; "a deep male voice"; "manly sports" (同)manful, manlike, manly, virile
being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation; "a male infant"; "a male holly tree"
take charge of a certain job; occupy a certain work place; "Mr. Smith manned the reception desk in the morning"
game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games; "he taught me to set up the men on the chess board"; "he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage" (同)piece
an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman); "there were two women and six men on the bus" (同)adult_male
a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman; "she takes good care of her man"
a male subordinate; "the chief stationed two men outside the building"; "he awaited word from his man in Havana"
an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent); "the army will make a man of you"
the generic use of the word to refer to any human being; "it was every man for himself"
provide with workers; "We cannot man all the desks"; "Students were manning the booths"
for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls; "the female lead in the play"; "a female chorus"
an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa)
a person who belongs to the sex that can have babies (同)female person
characteristic of or peculiar to a woman; "female sensitiveness"; "female suffrage" (同)distaff
being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop; "a female heir"; "female holly trees bear the berries"
an orgasm accompanied by the sensation of ejaculation of semen
informal terms for a mother (同)mama, mamma, mom, momma, mommy, mammy, mum, mummy
the capital of Maldives in the center of the islands

PrepTutorEJDIC

『男性の』,男の;(動物が)雄の,(植物が)雄性の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(機械・器具などが)雄の差し込み口のある / 『男性』;(動物の)雄,雄性植物
〈C〉(成人の)『男』,男子;(男の)おとな / 〈U〉《冠詞をつけないで》(動物と区別して)『人類』,『人』,人間(mankind) / 〈C〉《性別に関係なく用いて》人;《否定文で》だれも / 《複数形で》従業員,雇い人;兵士,下士官 / 〈C〉夫,亭主(husband);《話》(内縁の夫,愛人など同棲している)男 / 〈C〉男らしい男,一人前の男 / 《the~,one's~》うってつけの人,意にかなう人,適任者 / 〈U〉《男性に親しく呼び掛けて》君,おい / 《俗》《驚き・喜び・軽べつなどを表す間投詞として》おや,まあ,これは / 〈C〉(将棋・チェッカーなどの)こま / 〈C〉《the~》《米俗》権力者;警官 / 〈要さい・砲・船など〉‘に'人を配置する;〈地位・勤務など〉‘に'人をつける
(動植物について)『雌の』 / (特に性を区別して)『女の』,女性の / (ねじ・差し込みなど)雌の / 『雌』;(性別上の)『女性』 / 《話》女性,婦人
manの複数形
《M-》《話》おかあちゃん(mamma)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/09 18:19:07」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the Male sex. For the city, see Malé. For other uses, see Male (disambiguation).

The symbol of the Roman god Mars is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet Mars and is the alchemical symbol for iron.

A male (♂) organism is the physiological sex which produces sperm. Each spermatozoon can fuse with a larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilization. A male cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male reproductive organs.

Not all species share a common sex-determination system. In most animals, including humans, sex is determined genetically, but in some species it can be determined due to social, environmental or other factors.^{[citation needed]}

Overview[edit]

The existence of two sexes seems to have been selected independently across different evolutionary lineages (see Convergent Evolution). The repeated pattern is sexual reproduction in isogamous species with two or more mating types with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level) to anisogamous species with gametes of male and female types to oogamous species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. There is a good argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction.^[1]

Accordingly, sex is defined operationally across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another.

Male/female dimorphism between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals; male gametes are produced by chytrids, diatoms and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures but also the structures of the sporophytes that give rise to male and female plants.

Symbol[edit]

A common symbol used to represent the male sex is the Mars symbol, ♂ (Unicode: U+2642 Alt codes: Alt+11)—a circle with an arrow pointing northeast. The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of Mars. It was first used to denote gender by Carolus Linnaeus in 1751. The symbol is often called a stylized representation of the Roman god Mars' shield and spear. According to Stearn, however, all the historical evidence favours that it is derived from θρ, the contraction of the Greek name for the planet, Thouros.^[2]

Sex determination[edit]

Main article: Sex-determination system

The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species with male and female sexes have individuals that are either male or female, hermaphroditic animals, such as worms, have both male and female reproductive organs.

Genetic determination[edit]

Most mammals, including humans, are genetically determined as such by the XY sex-determination system where males have an XY (as opposed to XX) sex chromosome. It is also possible in a variety of species, including human beings, to be XXY or have other intersex/hermaphroditic qualities. These qualities are widely reported to be as common as redheadedness (about 2% of the population).^[3] During reproduction, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female.

The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome, the SRY. The SRY activates Sox9, which forms feedforward loops with FGF9 and PGD2 in the gonads, allowing the levels of these genes to stay high enough in order to cause male development;^[4] for example, Fgf9 is responsible for development of the spermatic cords and the multiplication of Sertoli cells, both of which are crucial to male sexual development.^[5]

The ZW sex-determination system, where males have a ZZ (as opposed to ZW) sex chromosome may be found in birds and some insects (mostly butterflies and moths) and other organisms. Members of the insect order Hymenoptera, such as ants and bees, are often determined by haplodiploidy, where most males are haploid and females and some sterile males are diploid.^{[citation needed]}

Environmental determination[edit]

In some species of reptiles, including alligators, sex is determined by the temperature at which the egg is incubated. Other species, such as some snails, practice sex change: adults start out male, then become female. In tropical clown fish, the dominant individual in a group becomes female while the other ones are male.^{[citation needed]}

In some arthropods, sex is determined by infection. Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia alter their sexuality; some species consist entirely of ZZ individuals, with sex determined by the presence of Wolbachia.^{[citation needed]}

Secondary sex characteristics[edit]

Main article: Secondary sex characteristic

In those species with two sexes, males may differ from females in ways other than production of spermatozoa. In many insects and fish the male is smaller than the female. In seed plants, which exhibit alternation of generations, the female and male parts are both included within the sporophyte sex organ of a single organism. In mammals, including humans, males are typically larger than females. In birds, the male often exhibits a colorful plumage that attracts females.^{[citation needed]}

References[edit]

^ Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale, Chapter 20. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.
^ The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology, William T. Stearn, Taxon, Vol. 11, No. 4 (May, 1962), pp. 109-113
^ See, Dallas Denny, Current Concepts in Transgender Identity
^ Moniot, Brigitte; Declosmenil, Faustine; Barrionuevo, Francisco; Scherer, Gerd; Aritake, Kosuke; Malki, Safia; Marzi, Laetitia; Cohen-Solal, Ann; Georg, Ina; Klattig, Jürgen; Englert, Christoph; Kim, Yuna; Capel, Blanche; Eguchi, Naomi; Urade, Yoshihiro; Boizet-Bonhoure, Brigitte; Poulat, Francis (2009). "The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation". Development 136 (11): 1813–1821. doi:10.1242/dev.032631. PMID 19429785.
^ Kim, Y.; Kobayashi, A.; Sekido, R.; Dinapoli, L.; Brennan, J.; Chaboissier, M. C.; Poulat, F.; Behringer, R. R.; Lovell-Badge, R.; Capel, B. (2006). "Fgf9 and Wnt4 Act as Antagonistic Signals to Regulate Mammalian Sex Determination". PLoS Biology 4 (6): e187. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187. PMC 1463023. PMID 16700629. edit

UpToDate Contents

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1. 生殖能力および妊娠に対する父親の高齢化の影響 effect of advanced paternal age on fertility and pregnancy
2. 性腺機能低下を呈する男性の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of male hypogonadism
3. アンドロゲン受容体障害の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the androgen receptor
4. 先天性性腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン欠乏症（特発性低ゴナドトロピン性性腺機能低下） congenital gonadotropin releasing hormone deficiency idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
5. 腸骨動脈瘤 iliac artery aneurysm

English Journal

Efficacy of Multivitamin/mineral Supplementation to Reduce Chronic Disease Risk: A Critical Review of the Evidence from Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials.

Angelo G1, Drake VJ, Frei B.
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.2015 Dec 6;55(14):1968-91. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2014.912199.
We reviewed recent scientific evidence regarding the effects of multivitamin/mineral (MVM) supplements on risk of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and age-related eye diseases. Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational, prospective cohort studies were
PMID 24941429

Risk factors for osteoporosis and factors related to the use of DXA in Norway.

Høiberg MP1, Rubin KH, Gram J, Hermann AP, Brixen K, Haugeberg G.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):220. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0220-9. Epub 2015 Jun 12.
To evaluate the case-finding strategy for osteoporosis in Norway, a questionnaire concerning risk factors for osteoporosis and history of osteodensitometry was mailed to a population-based cohort of 6000 men and 6000 women. Suboptimal examination rates among high risk and reallocation of scanning ca
PMID 26067929
PMID 25653171

The burden of primary headache disorders in Zambia: national estimates from a population-based door-to-door survey.

Mbewe E1, Zairemthiama P, Paul R, Birbeck GL, Steiner TJ.
The journal of headache and pain.J Headache Pain.2015 Dec;16(1):513. doi: 10.1186/s10194-015-0513-9. Epub 2015 Apr 29.
BACKGROUND: Three headache disorders - migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and medication-overuse headache (MOH) - are major contributors to population ill-health. Policy-makers need local knowledge of these to guide priority-setting. Earlier we reported the prevalence of these disorders in Zambia
PMID 25924792

Japanese Journal

High-Altitude Hypoxia and Echocardiographic Indices of Pulmonary Hypertension in Male and Female Chickens at Adulthood

Salinas Carlos E.,Blanco Carlos E.,Villena Mercedes [他]
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 78(6), 1459-1464, 2014-06
NAID 40020065870

Body Mass Index-Modified Relationship of Chronic Mental Stress With Resting Blood Pressure During 5 Years in Japanese Middle-Aged Male Workers

Toyoshima Hideaki,Otsuka Rei,Hashimoto Shuji [他]
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 78(6), 1379-1386, 2014-06
NAID 40020065753

糖質制限を周術期の輸液管理に応用し，糖尿病を改善せしめたＳ状結腸癌の１切除例

門脇晋,Kadowaki Susumu
The Kitakanto medical journal = 北関東医学 64(2), 177-182, 2014-05-01
… 術前より糖質制限を食事療法だけでなく輸液管理にも応用し, 2ヶ月という短期間で糖尿病を改善せしめた貴重な症例と考え報告する.（Kitakanto Med J 2014；64：177～182）A 86-year-old male was admitted to our hospital due to anemia and elevation of tumor marker. …
NAID 120005429872

痔瘻術後劇症型Ａ群溶血性連鎖球菌感染症を発症した１例

村田将人,萩原周一,青木誠,金子稔,神戸将彦,大嶋清宏,Murata Masato,Hagiwara Shuichi,Aoki Makoto,Kaneko Minoru,Kanbe Masahiko,Oshima Kiyohiro
The Kitakanto medical journal = 北関東医学 64(2), 171-175, 2014-05-01
… 痔瘻のような小手術であっても術後感染対策を十分に行う必要がある.（Kitakanto Med J 2014；64：171～175）A 33-year-old male underwent the outpatient surgery for an anal fistula in a surgical clinic. …
NAID 120005429871

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 71」「female」「man」「男性」「オス」
拡張検索	「male genitalia」「N-ethylmaleimide」「butaperazine maleate」「familial incomplete male hermaphroditism」「XX male」
関連記事	「males」

「100Cases 71」

　　[★]

■症例

72歳　女性

現病歴：胸部の感染症にドキシサイクリンをGPに処方された。関節リウマチに長期間罹患しており、9年間、1日7mgのプレドニゾロンを服用している。関節痛のため時々パラセタモールを服用。GPが測定した血圧は138/82mmHgであった。抗菌薬を服用し始める2日前からはじまって5日間熱っぽく、食欲不振であり、ベットから動けないでいる。水は十分に飲ませている。5日目に傾眠傾向となり、起こすことが困難になったため、救急車で救急部に連れてきた。

主訴：傾眠

生活歴：単身。退職した娘が世話をするために引っ越してきている。

家族歴：なし。

身体所見 examination

　小柄である(50kgと評価された)が、最近になって体重が減少したということはない。体温38.8℃。眠たそうであり、命令には応じる。簡単な質問にしか答えない。全身性に筋緊張低下。局所神経症状無し。脈拍：118/min。血圧：104/68mmHg。頚静脈圧上昇せず。足首に腫脹無し。肺底部にcrackles(ラ音)とwheezes(笛音)を認める。関節にわずかに活動性の炎症と変形が認められる。これは関節リウマチの既往と合う所見である。

検査　 investigation

　ヘモグロビン：軽度低下。MCV：正常。白血球増多。ナトリウム低下。カリウム正常。尿素上昇。クレアチニン上昇。

問題0. □と○に入る言葉を述べよ

　1) 傾眠とは□□障害に含まれる

　2) 傾眠とは、刺激を与えなければ□□が低下するが、刺激を与えれば○○する状態である。

問題1. 患者に関連する以下の事項のうち何が傾眠と関係あるのだろうか？2つ選べ。

　1) ドキシサイクリンの副作用

　2) 関節リウマチの重症化

　3) プレドニゾロンの服用歴

　4) パラセタモールの服用歴

　5) 胸部感染症

問題2. 異常な検査所見をどう説明しますか？口頭で述べてください。ぶっちゃけ、やや低血圧であることと、ナトリウム低値が着目点です。腎機能低下は二次的なものです。