WordNet

inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis is no longer in scientific use) (同)cephalitis, phrenitis

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脳炎

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1. 狂犬病の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of rabies
2. ニパウイルスおよびヘンドラウイルス性脳炎 nipah and hendra viral encephalitis
3. オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、南西太平洋（オセアニア）への旅行者における健康被害の可能性 potential health hazards in travelers to australia new zealand and the southwestern pacific oceania
4. 小児における急性散在性脳脊髄炎：病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis
5. 小児における中枢神経系の急性脱髄の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of acute central nervous system demyelination in children

English Journal

Akathisia in association with herpes simplex encephalitis relapse and opercular syndrome in children.

Kocak O1, Yarar C2, Yakut A3, Ekici A4, Yimenicioglu S5, Saylisoy S6.Author information 1Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osmangazi University Medicine Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: ozankocak79@gmail.com.2Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osmangazi University Medicine Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: coskunyarar26@yahoo.com.3Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osmangazi University Medicine Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: ayakut@ogu.edu.tr.4Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osmangazi University Medicine Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: drarzuekici@gmail.com.5Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osmangazi University Medicine Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: sevgifahri@yahoo.com.6Department of Radiology, Osmangazi University Medicine Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: sunasel06@yahoo.com.AbstractWe report a 2-year-old boy with herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis (HSE) and opercular syndrome who presented with clinical relapse characterized by chorea-like involuntary movements that suggest akathisia. The patient initially presented with multiple focal seizures that cause epilepsia partialis continua, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for herpes simplex virus type 1 was positive. He developed hypersalivation, speech and swallowing difficulties within 30days. Based on these findings the patient was diagnosed as having opercular syndrome due to HSE. He developed akathisia on 44th day of admission as a relapse and he was successfully treated with propranolol. Opercular syndrome might be seen HSE in children and it may cause neurological suquela. Akathisia might be seen after encephalitic process as a symptom of relapse, however diagnosis of akathisia is difficult in young children. It should be noted that because propranolol effective for these involuntary movements. It can be add additional choice of treatment in these patients.
Brain & development.Brain Dev.2014 Feb;36(2):167-70. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
We report a 2-year-old boy with herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis (HSE) and opercular syndrome who presented with clinical relapse characterized by chorea-like involuntary movements that suggest akathisia. The patient initially presented with multiple focal seizures that cause epilepsia parti
PMID 23518044

Stable, High-Level Expression of Reporter Proteins from Improved Alphavirus Expression Vectors To Track Replication and Dissemination during Encephalitic and Arthritogenic Disease.

Sun C1, Gardner CL, Watson AM, Ryman KD, Klimstra WB.Author information 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Vaccine Research, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.AbstractEngineered alphavirus vectors expressing reporters of infection have been used for a number of years due to their relatively low costs for analysis of virus replication and the capacity to utilize imaging systems for longitudinal measurements of growth within single animals. In general, these vectors have been derived from Old World alphaviruses using a second viral subgenomic promoter to express the transgenes, placed either immediately after the nonstructural proteins or at the 3' end of the viral coding sequences. However, the relevance of these vectors to natural infections is questionable, as they have not been rigorously tested for virulence in vivo in comparison with parental viruses or for the retention of the reporter during replication. Here, we report construction of new expression vectors for two Old World arthritogenic alphaviruses (Sindbis and Chikungunya viruses) and two New World encephalitic alphaviruses (eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses) based upon either fusion of the reporter protein in frame within nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) or insertion of the reporter as a cleavable element between the capsid and PE2 structural proteins. We have compared these with a traditional 3' double subgenomic promoter virus expressing either a large, firefly luciferase (fLuc; 1,650 nucleotides), or small, NanoLuc (nLuc; 513 nucleotides), luminescent reporter protein. Results indicate that the nLuc is substantially more stable than fLuc during repeated rounds of infection regardless of the transgene location. However, the capsid-PE2 insertion and nsP3 fusion viruses exhibit the most authentic mimicking of parental virus infection regardless of expressed protein. IMPORTANCE As more antiviral therapeutics and vaccines are developed, rapid and accurate in vivo modeling of their efficacy will be required. However, current alphavirus vectors expressing reporters of infection have not been extensively tested for accurate mimicking of the infection characteristics of unmodified parental viruses. Additionally, use of in vivo imaging systems detecting light emitted from luciferase reporters can significantly decrease costs associated with efficacy studies by minimizing numbers of animals. Herein we report development and testing of new expression vectors for Sindbis, Chikungunya, and eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and demonstrate that a small (∼500-nucleotide) reporter gene (NanoLuc; Promega) is very stable and causes a disease severity similar to that caused by unmodified parental viruses. In contrast, expression of larger reporters is very rapidly lost with virus replication and can be significantly attenuating. The utility of NanoLuc for in vivo imaging is also demonstrated.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2014 Feb;88(4):2035-46. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02990-13. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
Engineered alphavirus vectors expressing reporters of infection have been used for a number of years due to their relatively low costs for analysis of virus replication and the capacity to utilize imaging systems for longitudinal measurements of growth within single animals. In general, these vector
PMID 24307590

Equine pulmonary aspergillosis with encephalitic, myocardial, and renal dissemination.

Headley SA1, de Carvalho PH, Cunha Filho LF, Yamamura AA, Okano W.Author information 1Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, 860571-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, selwyn.headley@uel.br.AbstractThe cause of the death of a 16-month-old Brasileiro-de-Hipismo filly and a 3-year-old male Paint Horse with clinical manifestations of anemia and apathy from southern Brazil was investigated. These horses were maintained at the same stable; received hay as part of their diet and were submitted for routine necropsy evaluations. Significant gross findings included several nodules randomly distributed throughout the pulmonary lobes of both horses, and the kidneys, myocardium, and the frontal lobes of the cerebrum of the filly. Histopathological evaluation revealed pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia in both horses; granulomatous interstitial nephritis, myocarditis, and encephalitis were observed in the filly. All lesions contained vasculitis and thrombosis associated with myriads of intralesional, branching, septate fungi consistent with Aspergillus spp.; intralesional fungi were more easily identified by the Grocott methenamine silver stain. Mycological culture of fresh pulmonary sections from both horses and the brain of the filly revealed pure growths of A. fumigatus. These findings confirmed the participation of A. fumigatus in the etiopathogenesis of the lesions observed in the lungs of both horses, and the cerebrum, myocardium and kidneys of the filly and might represent the first description of A. fumigatus-induced encephalitis in horses. Additionally, we believe that infection occurred during the ingestion of contaminated hay or by inhalation of spores within contaminated bedding that resulted in transient nasal mycosis, which progressed to pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia in both horses with embolic encephalitic, myocardial, and renal dissemination of A. fumigatus occurring only in the filly.
Mycopathologia.Mycopathologia.2014 Feb;177(1-2):129-35. doi: 10.1007/s11046-013-9726-0. Epub 2014 Jan 24.
The cause of the death of a 16-month-old Brasileiro-de-Hipismo filly and a 3-year-old male Paint Horse with clinical manifestations of anemia and apathy from southern Brazil was investigated. These horses were maintained at the same stable; received hay as part of their diet and were submitted for r
PMID 24458918