関: epidemic、outbreak、pandemic

WordNet

existing everywhere; "pandemic fear of nuclear war"
an epidemic that is geographically widespread; occurring throughout a region or even throughout the world
epidemic over a wide geographical area; "a pandemic outbreak of malaria"
(especially of medicine) of disease or anything resembling a disease; attacking or affecting many individuals in a community or a population simultaneously; "an epidemic outbreak of influenza"
a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease; many people are infected at the same time
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition); "the outbreak of hostilities" (同)eruption, irruption
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

PrepTutorEJDIC

(流行病などが)全地域にわたる,全国(世界)的流行の /〈C〉全国(世界)的流行病
(病気などが)『伝染性の』,急速に広がる / (一般に)流行している / (一時的な)流行病,伝染病 / 流行,はやり
(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
(戦争・暴動・病気などの)『突発』,ぼっ発,(怒りなどの)爆発《+『of』+『名』》
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/19 13:29:18」(JST)

wiki en

Outbreak is a term used in epidemiology to describe an occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected at a particular time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent. Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease may be sufficient to constitute an outbreak. Outbreaks may also refer to epidemics, which affect a region in a country or a group of countries, or pandemics, which describe global disease outbreaks.

Outbreak investigation

When investigating disease outbreaks, the epidemiology profession has developed a number of widely accepted steps. As described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, these include the following:^[1]

Verify the diagnosis related to the outbreak
Identify the existence of the outbreak (Is the group of ill persons normal for the time of year, geographic area, etc.?)
Create a case definition to define who/what is included as a case
Map the spread of the outbreak using Information technology as diagnosis is reported to insurance
Develop a hypothesis (What appears to be causing the outbreak?)
Study hypothesis (collect data and perform analysis)
Refine hypothesis and carry out further study
Develop and implement control and prevention systems
Release findings to greater communities

Outbreak debriefing and review has also been recognized as an additional final step and iterative process by the Public Health Agency of Canada.^[2]

Types

There are several outbreak patterns, which can be useful in identifying the transmission method or source, and predicting the future rate of infection. Each has a distinctive epidemic curve, or histogram of case infections and deaths.^[3]

Common source – All victims acquire the infection from the same source (e.g. a contaminated water supply).^[4]
- Continuous source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs over multiple incubation periods
- Point source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs in less than one incubation period^[5]
Propagated – Transmission occurs from person to person.^[6]

Outbreaks can also be:

Behavioral risk related (e.g., sexually transmitted diseases, increased risk due to malnutrition)^[7]

Zoonotic – The infectious agent is endemic to an animal population.

Patterns of occurrence are:

Endemic – a communicable disease, such as influenza, measles, mumps, pneumonia, colds, smallpox, which is characteristic of a particular place, or among a particular group, or area of interest or activity.

Epidemic – when this disease is found to infect a significantly larger number of people at the same time than is common at that time, and among that population, and may spread through one or several communities.

Pandemic – occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide.

Outbreak legislation

Outbreak legislation is still in its infancy and not many countries have had a direct and complete set of the provisions.^[8]^[9] However, some countries do manage the outbreaks using relevant acts, such as public health law.^[10]

References

^ Steps of an Outbreak Investigation, EXCITE | Epidemiology in the Classroom | Outbreak Steps
^ Public Health Agency of Canada. "Canada’s Food-borne Illness Outbreak Response Protocol (FIORP) 2010: To guide a multi-jurisdictional response". Retrieved 22 March 2013.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms, Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
^ Glossary of Epidemiology Terms. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
^ [2]^{[dead link]}
^ "Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development Program". Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^ Star Publications. "‘Outbreak actions protected by law’". Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^ The State of Queensland Government. "Legislation and Powers of Entry". Retrieved 2 August 2008.

External links

Look up outbreak in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

UpToDate Contents

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3. 川崎病：初期治療および予後 kawasaki disease initial treatment and prognosis
4. 発疹チフス epidemic typhus
5. 慢性腎臓病における血管石灰化 vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease

English Journal

Policy, practice and decision making for zoonotic disease management: Water and Cryptosporidium.

Austin Z, Alcock RE, Christley RM, Haygarth PM, Heathwaite AL, Latham SM, Mort M, Oliver DM, Pickup R, Wastling JM, Wynne B.SourceLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
Environment international.Environ Int.2012 Apr;40:70-8. Epub 2012 Jan 2.
Decision making for zoonotic disease management should be based on many forms of appropriate data and sources of evidence. However, the criteria and timing for policy response and the resulting management decisions are often altered when a disease outbreak occurs and captures full media attention. I
PMID 22280930

Diagnostic capacity for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is greatly increased by combining viral isolation with specific antibody detection.

Schyth BD, Ariel E, Korsholm H, Olesen NJ.SourceNational Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Hangøvej 2, 8200 Århus N., Denmark.
Fish & shellfish immunology.Fish Shellfish Immunol.2012 Apr;32(4):593-7. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
Detection of disease specific antibodies in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been proposed as an alternative or supplement to the currently approved procedures for diagnosis and surveillance in this species. In samples from natural outbreaks of the disease viral haemorrhagic septicaemi
PMID 22233687