全形生薬

WordNet

not carefully or expertly made; "managed to make a crude splint"; "a crude cabin of logs with bark still on them"; "rough carpentry" (同)rough
conspicuously and tastelessly indecent; "coarse language"; "a crude joke"; "crude behavior"; "an earthy sense of humor"; "a revoltingly gross expletive"; "a vulgar gesture"; "full of language so vulgar it should have been edited" (同)earthy, gross, vulgar
belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness; "the crude weapons and rude agricultural implements of early man"; "primitive movies of the 1890s"; "primitive living conditions in the Appalachian mountains" (同)primitive, rude
not processed or subjected to analysis; "raw data"; "the raw cost of production"; "only the crude vital statistics" (同)raw
use recreational drugs (同)do drugs
administer a drug to; "They drugged the kidnapped tourist" (同)dose
a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic
an ill-defined bodily ailment; "he said he had the crud and needed a doctor"
heavy wet snow that is unsuitable for skiing

PrepTutorEJDIC

(原材料が)『天然のままの』,未加工の / (製品・作品などが)仕上がりの悪い,荒造りの / (言葉・態度・考え方などが)粗雑な,不作法な / =crude oil
『薬』,薬品,薬剤 / 『麻薬』,麻酔剤 / 〈人〉‘に'薬(特に麻酔剤)を与える / 〈飲食物〉‘に'(麻酔薬・毒薬などの)薬を混ぜる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/07 10:15:19」(JST)

wiki en

A crude drug is any naturally occurring, unrefined substance derived from organic or inorganic sources such as plant, animal, bacteria, organs or whole organisms intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals.

Overview

1916 Eli Lilly crude drug case for pharmacy students to study: contains 216 different specimens

Crude drugs are unrefined medications in their raw or natural forms. Prior to the 1950s, every pharmacy student learned about crude drugs in pharmacognosy class. Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications found in nature.

Raising, harvesting and selling crude drugs was how many large pharmaceutical companies started out. Companies such as Eli Lilly and Company sold crude drugs to pharmacists to save them time and money, but the early pharmacy graduate would know how to raise their own crude drugs if need be.^{[citation needed]}

History

Creighton University College of Pharmacy crude drugs circa 1910

The usage of crude drugs dates to prehistoric times. Traditional medicine often incorporates the gathering and preparation of material from natural sources, particularly herbs. In such practice, the active ingredients and method of action are largely unknown to the practitioner.

In recent history, the development of modern chemistry and application of the scientific method shaped the use of crude drugs. Eventually, the use of crude drugs reach a zenith in the early 1900s and eventually gave way to the use of purified active ingredients from the natural source. Currently the use and exploration of crude drugs has again gained prominence in the medical community. The realization that many completely unknown substances are yet to be discovered from crude drugs has created a new interest in pharmacognosy and has led to many medical breakthroughs.

In 1907, the Pure Food and Drug Act was implemented and standardization of crude drugs took place. Often the USP would specify what percentage of active ingredient was needed to claim a crude drug met USP standards.

An example of standardization would be as follows (from the United States Pharmacopeia):^[1]

Opium is the air-dried milky exudate obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum Linne or its variety album De Candolle (Fam. Papaveraceae). Opium in its normal air-dried condition yields not less than 9.5 percent of anhydrous morphine.

Use in Chinese Medicine

Crude medicine (simplified Chinese: 药材; traditional Chinese: 藥材; pinyin: yàocái), (also known as crude drug in the Chinese materia medica) are bulk drugs from the Chinese materia medica basic processing and treatment.

References

^ 2007 USP

UpToDate Contents

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1. アルコールおよびその他の薬物の有害な使用のスクリーニング screening for unhealthy use of alcohol and other drugs
2. リウマチ性疾患を有する男性における抗炎症剤および免疫抑制剤が性腺機能に及ぼす影響 effects of antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs on gonadal function in men with rheumatic diseases
3. 統合失調症に対する薬物療法：持効性抗精神病薬注射製剤 pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia long acting injectable antipsychotic drugs
4. I群抗不整脈薬の主な副作用 major side effects of class i antiarrhythmic drugs
5. 薬物アレルギー患者へのアプローチ an approach to the patient with drug allergy

English Journal

A novel high-pressure precipitation tandem homogenization technology for drug nanocrystals production - a case study with ursodeoxycholic acid.

Li Y1, Wang Y, Yue PF, Hu PY, Wu ZF, Yang M, Yuan HL.Author information 1Key Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China and.AbstractTo overcome the limitations of the conventional particle size reduction technologies, a novel combinative particle size reduction method for the effective production of homogeneous nanosuspensions was investigated. Ursodeoxycholic acid, a poorly soluble drug representative, was tried to prepare nanosuspension by homogenization technology and high-pressure precipitation tandem homogenization technology. It was shown that the combinative approach could significantly improve the particle size reduction effectiveness over conventional homogenization approach. The Box-Behnken design analysis for process optimization revealed that the acceptable UDCA-NS was obtained wherein the optimal values of A, B, C and D were 10%, 500 bar, 0.125 and 600 bar, respectively. SEM results demonstrated that no significant aggregation or crystals growth could be observed in the freeze-dried UDCA nanocrystals. The DSC and XRD results showed that UDCA remained in a crystalline state. Dissolution velocities of the freeze-dried UDCA-NS powder were distinctly superior compared to those of the crude powder and physical mixture. The high-pressure precipitation tandem homogenization technology can be a good choice for nanosuspension preparation of poorly soluble UDCA, due to high efficiency of particle size reduction.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Sep;19(6):662-70. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.819015. Epub 2013 Jul 22.
To overcome the limitations of the conventional particle size reduction technologies, a novel combinative particle size reduction method for the effective production of homogeneous nanosuspensions was investigated. Ursodeoxycholic acid, a poorly soluble drug representative, was tried to prepare nano
PMID 23869484

Nigerian bonny light crude oil induces endocrine disruption in male rats.

Adedara IA1, Ebokaiwe AP, Mathur PP, Farombi EO.Author information 1Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria and.AbstractAbstract Exposure to Nigerian bonny light crude oil (BLCO) in the southern part of Nigeria has been reported to be associated with reproductive toxicity, but there is paucity of information on its interference with steroidogenesis. This study investigated the influence of BLCO on testicular steroidogenesis and plasma levels of hormones from the pituitary and thyroid components of the brain-pituitary-testicular axis. Adult male Wistar rats were orally treated with BLCO dissolved in corn oil at 0, 200 and 800 mg/kg for 7 days. Immunoblot analysis revealed that BLCO exposure suppressed steroid acute regulatory protein and androgen-binding protein expression with concomitant decrease in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. BLCO exposure significantly decreased plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and intratesticular testosterone, but elevated thyrotropin, triiodothyronine and thyroxine above the control values. The data presented herein indicate that undue exposure to BLCO has an inhibitory effect on testicular steroidogenesis. The underlying mechanisms for BLCO-induced testicular dysfunction may involve its disruptive effect on the brain-pituitary-testicular axis. These observations highlight the potential risk to public health for a population where, unfortunately, oil spillages occur frequently.
Drug and chemical toxicology.Drug Chem Toxicol.2014 Apr;37(2):198-203. doi: 10.3109/01480545.2013.834359. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
Abstract Exposure to Nigerian bonny light crude oil (BLCO) in the southern part of Nigeria has been reported to be associated with reproductive toxicity, but there is paucity of information on its interference with steroidogenesis. This study investigated the influence of BLCO on testicular steroido
PMID 24171665

Plant natural products as an anti-lipid droplets accumulation agent.

Wong CP1, Kaneda T, Morita H.Author information 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.AbstractRecently people often suffer from unhealthy energy metabolism balance as they tend to take more energy than required. Normally, excess energy taken in is converted into triglyceride and stored in adipocyte as lipid droplets. Recent studies have suggested that irregular accumulation of triglyceride in adipocyte might be a cause of many metabolic diseases. Thus, the awareness of the detrimental effects on health of excessive lipid droplets accumulation (LDA) has urged the development or finding of drugs to counter this effect, including those from botanical origins. This review summarized recent progress in this field from the viewpoint of crude drug studies with references to their anti-LDA activity. Possible mechanisms involved in their anti-LDA effect and isolations of the relevant bioactive compounds were also discussed.
Journal of natural medicines.J Nat Med.2014 Apr;68(2):253-66. doi: 10.1007/s11418-014-0822-3. Epub 2014 Feb 19.
Recently people often suffer from unhealthy energy metabolism balance as they tend to take more energy than required. Normally, excess energy taken in is converted into triglyceride and stored in adipocyte as lipid droplets. Recent studies have suggested that irregular accumulation of triglyceride i
PMID 24550097

Japanese Journal

漢方・生薬製剤によるアレルギー疑診患者の検討

齊藤幹央,阿部学,朝倉俊成 [他]
アレルギー・免疫 19(9), 1444-1456, 2012-09-00
NAID 40019414948

漢方製剤,生薬製剤及び生薬の残留農薬について(第3報) : 日漢協の残留農薬自主基準に関する実態調査

杉本智潮,遠藤雄一,田村真 [他],安藤英広,岡本巧誠,表貴之,白鳥誠,新澤伸一,服部佳之,平澤智,松浦晃,丸田純平,宮坂大樹,六川将宏,村田勝優,山田修嗣,山本博章,吉川眞一,小此木明,富塚弘之
生薬學雜誌 66(2), 81-90, 2012-08-20
… The Japan Kampo Medicines Manufacturers Association set up self-imposed limits of residual pesticides for Kampo products (organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroid) and conventional crude drug products(organochlorine) in June 2005, and additional limits on organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in conventional crude drug products were set in June 2006. …
NAID 110009489178

Difference in cultivation characteristics and genetic polymorphism between Chinese and Japanese strains of Wolfiporiacocos Ryvarden et Gilbertson (Poria cocos Wolf)

Kobira Sayuri,Atsumi Toshiyuki,Kakiuchi Nobuko,Mikage Masayuki
Journal of Natural Medicines 66(3), 493-499, 2012-07-00
… Poria, a dried sclerotium of Wolfiporiacocos Ryvarden et Gilbertson (Polyporaceae) has been used as a crude drug in both Chinese and Japanese (Kampo) traditional medicines. …
NAID 120003752517