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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/11 14:43:36」(JST)

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Crepitus /ˈkrɛpɪtəs/ (also termed crepitation) is a medical term to describe the grating, crackling or popping sounds and sensations experienced under the skin and joints or a crackling sensation due to the presence of air in the subcutaneous tissue.

Various types of crepitus that can be heard in joint pathologies are:

Bone crepitus: This can be heard when two fragments of a fracture are moved against each other.
Joint crepitus: This can be obtained when the affected joint is passively moved with one hand, while the other hand is placed on the joint to feel the crepitus.
Crepitus of bursitis: This is heard when the fluid in the bursa contains small, loose fibrinous particles.
Crepitus of tenosynovitis

Causes

The sound can be created when two rough surfaces in an organism's body come into contact—for example, in osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis when the cartilage around joints has eroded away and the surfaces in the joint start to grind against one another, or when the fracture surfaces of two broken bones rub together. Crepitus is a common sign of bone fracture.

Crepitus can easily be introduced by exerting a small amount of force on a joint, thus 'cracking it'. This is caused by bubbles of nitrogen forming in the synovial fluid bursting. Almost every joint in the body can be 'cracked' in this way, but the joints which require the least amount of effort include the hallux, knuckles and neck joints.

In soft tissues, crepitus can be produced when gas is introduced into an area where it is normally not present.

The term can also be used when describing the sounds produced by lung conditions such as interstitial lung disease—these are also referred to as "rales". Crepitus is often loud enough to be heard by the human ear, although a stethoscope may be needed to detect instances caused by respiratory diseases.

In times of poor surgical practice, post-surgical complications involved anaerobic infection by Clostridium perfringens strains, which can cause gas gangrene in tissues, also giving rise to crepitus.

Subcutaneous crepitus (or surgical emphysema) is a crackling sound resulting from subcutaneous emphysema, or air trapped in the subcutaneous tissues.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 変形性関節症の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis
2. 皮膚および筋膜の壊死性感染 necrotizing infections of the skin and fascia
3. 成人における胸壁外傷の初期評価および管理 initial evaluation and management of chest wall trauma in adults
4. 機械的人工換気中の肺気圧障害 pulmonary barotrauma during mechanical ventilation
5. 空気塞栓症 air embolism

English Journal

The Utility of Clinical Measures for the Diagnosis of Achilles Tendon Injuries: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

Reiman M1, Burgi C, Strube E, Prue K, Ray K, Elliott A, Goode A.
Journal of athletic training.J Athl Train.2014 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Objective : To summarize and evaluate the current diagnostic accuracy of clinical measures used to diagnose Achilles tendon injuries. Data Sources : A literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases was conducted with key words related to diagnostic accuracy and Achilles tendon inju
PMID 25243736

Does gum chewing increase the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in individuals with gum chewing habits?

Tabrizi R1, Karagah T, Aliabadi E, Hoseini SA.
The Journal of craniofacial surgery.J Craniofac Surg.2014 Sep;25(5):1818-21. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000993.
PURPOSE: The effect of habitual gum chewing on temporomandibular joint function is controversial. This study evaluated the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in adolescents with and without gum chewing habits and the affiliation of TMD signs with gum chewing.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This is
PMID 25203577

Eyelid Swelling, an Unusual Presentation of Pneumomediastinum.

Hwang RY1, Rezaei KA, Melson MR.
Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery.Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg.2014 September/October;30(5):e107-e109.
An 11-year-old girl with no significant medical or ocular history presented to the emergency department with asymmetrical eyelid swelling for 2 days. She was noted to have eyelid crepitus on examination. The patient reported a prolonged episode of crying followed by chest pain and dyspnea that resol
PMID 24833458

Japanese Journal

腱板不全断裂における滑液包面反転弁病変の臨床的特徴

肩関節 39(2), 488-490, 2015
NAID 130005099586

腎癌再発に対するスニチニブ投与中に発症したフルニエ壊疽の1例

日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 66(6), 434-438, 2013-06-01
NAID 10031190224

膝蓋骨非置換 Vanguard RP TKA術後の crepitus に関する検討

JOSKAS 38(2), 212-213, 2013-04-25
NAID 10031168252

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