関: cortex、cortical、cortices、tegmenta、tegmental、tegmentum

WordNet

the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal
prepare or position for action or operation; "lay a fire"; "lay the foundation for a new health care plan"
put in a horizontal position; "lay the books on the table"; "lay the patient carefully onto the bed" (同)put down, repose
impose as a duty, burden, or punishment; "lay a responsibility on someone"
lay eggs; "This hen doesnt lay"
not of or from a profession; "a lay opinion as to the cause of the disease"
make or form a layer; "layer the different colored sands"
single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance; "slices of hard-boiled egg on a bed of spinach" (同)bed
a hen that lays eggs
thin structure composed of a single thickness of cells
a relatively thin sheetlike expanse or region lying over or under another
of or relating to a cortex
with one layer on top of another; "superimposed rocks" (同)superimposed

PrepTutorEJDIC

(内臓,特に脳の)皮質 / (植物の)皮層;樹皮
《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》‘を'『置く』,横たえる / ‘を'『きちんと置く』(並べる),〈土台など〉‘を'すえる,〈鉄道など〉‘を'敷設する / …‘を'『用意する』,準備する / (…に)〈身体の一部〉‘を'置く,つける《+『名』+『on』(『to』)+『名』》 / (…に)〈信頼・愛情〉‘を'置く,寄せる,託す;〈強調・重要性など〉‘を'置く《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / 〈ほこり・波・風など〉‘を'押さえる,〈恐れ亡霊など〉‘を'静める,なだめる / 〈卵〉‘を'産む / 〈かけ〉‘を'する;(…に)〈金〉‘を'かける《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / (…に)〈税・罰金・義務など〉‘を'課する,〈重荷・責任など〉‘を'負わせる《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈悪事など〉‘を'(…の)せいにする《+『名』+『against』(『to』)+『名』》 / 《状態を表す副詩[句]を伴って》(特によくない状態に)…‘を'『置く』,する / (…に)〈権利の主張・報告など〉‘を'提出する,申し出る《+『名』+『before』(『to』)+『名』》 / (…で)…‘の'表面をおおう《+『名』+『with』+『名』》;(…に)…‘を'広げる《+『名』+『on』+『名』》 / 卵を産む / 位置,配置,地形,地勢
lieの過去形
(歌うために書かれた)短い物語詩 / 《詩》(一般に)歌,調べ
(僧職にある人に対して)俗人の / (専門家に対して)しろうとの,門外漢の
《複合語を作って》(物を)積む人(物),置く人(物) / 卵を産む鶏・層;(ペンキなどの)一塗り;一皮 / (園芸で)取り木 / …‘を'層にする / 〈植物〉‘を'取り木する
皮質から成る,皮質の,(特に)大脳皮質の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/21 12:18:54」(JST)

wiki en

A cortical column, also called hypercolumn or sometimes cortical module,^[1] is a group of neurons in the brain cortex which can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface, and which have nearly identical receptive fields. Neurons within a minicolumn encode similar features, whereas a hypercolumn "denotes a unit containing a full set of values for any given set of receptive field parameters".^[2] A cortical module is defined as either synonymous with a hypercolumn (Mountcastle) or as a tissue block of multiple overlapping hypercolumns (Hubel&Wiesel).

Although the column is an attractive concept, it has failed as a unifying principle for understanding cortical function. It is still unclear what precisely is meant by the term, and it does not correspond to any single structure within the cortex. It has been impossible to find a canonical microcircuit that corresponds to the cortical column, and no genetic mechanism has been deciphered that designates how to construct a column^[3]

Mammalian cerebral cortex

The mammalian cerebral cortex, the grey matter encapsulating the white matter, is composed of layers. The human cortex is roughly 2.4 mm thick. The number of layers is the same in all mammals, but varies throughout the cortex. In the neocortex 6 layers can be recognized although many regions lack one or more layers, fewer layers are present in the archipallium and the paleopallium.^[4]

Columnar functional organization

The columnar functional organization, as originally framed by Vernon Mountcastle, suggests that neurons that are horizontally more than 0.5 mm (500 µm) from each other do not have overlapping sensory receptive fields, and other experiments give similar results: 200–800 µm (Buxhoeveden 2002, Hubel 1977, Leise 1990, etc.). Various estimates suggest there are 50 to 100 cortical minicolumns in a hypercolumn, each comprising around 80 neurons.

An important distinction is that the columnar organization is functional by definition, and reflects the local connectivity of the cerebral cortex. Connections "up" and "down" within the thickness of the cortex are much denser than connections that spread from side to side.

Hubel and Wiesel studies

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel followed up on Mountcastle's discoveries in the somatic sensory cortex with their own studies in vision. A part of the discoveries that resulted in them winning the 1981 Nobel Prize^[5] was that there were cortical columns in vision as well, and that the neighboring columns were also related in function in terms of the orientation of lines that evoked the maximal discharge. Hubel and Wiesel followed up on their own studies with work demonstrating the impact of environmental changes on cortical organization, and the sum total of these works resulted in their Nobel Prize.

Size of cortex

From the size of the cortex and the typical size of a column, it can be estimated that there are about two million function columns in humans.^[6] There may be more if the columns can overlap, as suggested by Tsunoda et al..^[7]

References

^ Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. New York: Worth. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6.
^ Horton JC, Adams DL (2005). "The cortical column: a structure without a function". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 360 (1456): 837–862. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1623. PMC 1569491. PMID 15937015. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569491/.
^ Horton JC, Adams DL (2005). "The cortical column: a structure without a function". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 360 (1456): 837,855. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1623. PMC 1569491. PMID 15937015. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569491/.
^ R Nieuwenhuys; HJ Donkelaar; C Nicholson; WJAJ Smeets; H Wicht (1998). The central nervous system of vertebrates. Berlin [u.a.]: Springer. ISBN 3540560130.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Medicine 1981". http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1981/. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
^ Christopher Johansson and Anders Lansner (January 2007). "Towards cortex sized artificial neural systems". Neural Netw 20 (1): 48–61. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2006.05.029. PMID 16860539.
^ Kazushige Tsunoda, Yukako Yamane, Makoto Nishizaki, and Manabu Tanifuji (August 2001). "Complex objects are represented in macaque inferotemporal cortex by the combination of feature columns". Nat. Neurosci. 4 (8): 832–838. doi:10.1038/90547. PMID 11477430.

External links

Mission to build a simulated brain begins "the initial phase of Blue Brain will model the electrical structure of neocortical columns - neural circuits that are repeated throughout the brain. These are the network units of the brain, says Markram. Measuring just 0.5 millimetres by 2 mm, these units contain between 10 and 70,000 neurons, depending upon the species. Once this is complete, the behaviour of columns can be mapped and modelled"
The Blue Brain Project aims to simulate a cortical column
On Intelligence -- a popsci book about column function by Jeff Hawkins
Confusing cortical columns by Pasko Rakic in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America summarizes what is known and corrects some misconceptions.

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English Journal

Toying with fate: Redirecting the differentiation of adrenocortical progenitor cells into gonadal-like tissue.

Röhrig T1, Pihlajoki M2, Ziegler R1, Cochran RS3, Schrade A2, Schillebeeckx M4, Mitra RD4, Heikinheimo M2, Wilson DB5.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2015 Jun 15;408:165-177. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.003. Epub 2014 Dec 8.
Cell fate decisions are integral to zonation and remodeling of the adrenal cortex. Animal models exhibiting ectopic differentiation of gonadal-like cells in the adrenal cortex can shed light on the molecular mechanisms regulating steroidogenic cell fate. In one such model, prepubertal gonadectomy (G
PMID 25498963

The GluN2B subunit of N-methy-D-asparate receptor regulates the radial migration of cortical neurons in vivo.

Jiang H1, Jiang W2, Zou J2, Wang B2, Yu M3, Pan Y2, Lin Y2, Mao Y4, Wang Y5.
Brain research.Brain Res.2015 Jun 12;1610:20-32. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.031. Epub 2015 Mar 31.
The formation of layered structure of the mammalian neocortex requires a fine organized migration of post-mitotic neurons during early development. However, whether the radial migration is regulated by NMDA receptor and specific subunits remains contradictory and unknown. Here, we reported that in t
PMID 25838242

Intraneuronal APP and extracellular Aβ independently cause dendritic spine pathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.

Zou C1, Montagna E, Shi Y, Peters F, Blazquez-Llorca L, Shi S, Filser S, Dorostkar MM, Herms J.
Acta neuropathologica.Acta Neuropathol.2015 Jun;129(6):909-20. doi: 10.1007/s00401-015-1421-4. Epub 2015 Apr 11.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to be caused by accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ), which is a cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Transgenic mice overexpressing APP have been used to recapitulate amyloid-β pathology. Among them, APP23 and APPswe/PS1deltaE9 (deltaE9) mice
PMID 25862638

Japanese Journal

伝達行列の誤差を考慮した高精度脳内ダイポールイメージングの検討

竹内浩祐,堀潤一
生体医工学 = Transactions of Japanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering : 日本エム・イー学会誌 51(1), 24-30, 2013-02
NAID 40019718016

Analysis of Somatosensory Evoked Potential for Mechanical Stimuli Mapped on Realistic-Shaped Cortical Surface

HORI Junichi,KISHI Takayoshi,KON Ryuta
電気学会論文誌. C, 電子・情報・システム部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. C, A publication of Electronics, Information and Systems Society 133(1), 169-176, 2013-01-01
NAID 10031142421

Analysis of Somatosensory Evoked Potential for Mechanical Stimuli Mapped on Realistic-Shaped Cortical Surface

Hori Junichi,Kishi Takayoshi,Kon Ryuta
電気学会論文誌. C, 電子・情報・システム部門誌 133(1), 169-176, 2013-01
NAID 40019563613

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「tegmentum」「皮層」「tegmental」「表層」「cortices」
関連記事	「cortical」「lay」「layer」「layered」「layering」