WordNet

being long-lasting and recurrent or characterized by long suffering; "chronic indigestion"; "a chronic shortage of funds"; "a chronic invalid"
of long duration; "chronic money problems" (同)continuing
habitual; "a chronic smoker" (同)inveterate
respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants
of or relating to eosinophil
a leukocyte readily stained with eosin (同)eosinophile

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(病気が)長期にわたる,慢性の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》常習の,癖になった
肺炎

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/13 12:59:22」(JST)

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Eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) is a disease in which a certain type of white blood cell called an eosinophil accumulates in the lung. These cells cause disruption of the normal air spaces (alveoli) where oxygen is extracted from the atmosphere. Several different kinds of eosinophilic pneumonia exist and can occur in any age group. The most common symptoms include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and sweating at night. EP is diagnosed by a combination of characteristic symptoms, findings on a physical examination by a health provider, and the results of blood tests and x-rays. Prognosis is excellent once most EP is recognized and treatment with corticosteroids is begun.

Types of eosinophilic pneumonia[edit]

Eosinophilic pneumonia is divided into different categories depending upon whether a cause can be determined or not. Known causes include certain medications or environmental triggers, parasitic infections, and cancer. EP can also occur when the immune system attacks the lungs, a disease called Churg-Strauss syndrome. When a cause can not be found, the EP is labeled "idiopathic." Idiopathic EP can be divided into "acute eosinophilic pneumonia" (AEP) and "chronic eosinophilic pneumonia" (CEP) depending on the symptoms a person is experiencing.^[1]

Symptoms[edit]

Most causes of eosinophilic pneumonia have similar symptoms. Cough, fever, increasing breathlessness, and night sweats are prominent and almost universal. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia typically follows a rapid course. Fever and cough may develop only one or two weeks before breathing difficulties progress to the point of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia usually follows a slower course. Symptoms accumulate over several months and include fever, cough, breathlessness, wheezing, and weight loss. Individuals with CEP are often diagnosed with asthma before CEP is finally recognized.

EP due to medications or environmental exposures is similar and occurs after an exposure to a known offending agent. EP due to parasitic infections has a similar prodrome in addition to a host of different symptoms related to the variety of underlying parasites. EP in the setting of cancer often develops in the context of a known diagnosis of lung cancer, cervical cancer, etc.

Pathophysiology[edit]

Image of an eosinophil

Eosinophilic pneumonia can develop in several different ways depending on the underlying cause of the disease. Eosinophils are thought to play a central role in defending the body against infection by parasites. Many diseases, such as asthma and eczema, are caused when eosinophils overreact to environmental triggers and release an excess of chemicals, e.g. cytokines and histamine. The common characteristic among different causes of EP is eosinophil overreaction or dysfunction in the lung.

Medications and environmental exposures[edit]

Medications, substance abuse, and environmental exposures may all trigger eosinophil dysfunction. Medications such as NSAIDs (i.e. ibuprofen), nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, L-tryptophan, daptomycin^[2] and ampicillin and drugs of abuse such as inhaled heroin and cocaine may trigger an allergic response which results in EP. Chemicals such as sulfites, aluminum silicate, and cigarette smoke can cause EP when inhaled. A New York City firefighter developed EP after inhalation of dust from the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.^[3]

Parasitic infections[edit]

Parasites cause EP in three different ways. Parasites can either invade the lung, live in the lung as part of their life cycle, or be spread to the lung by the bloodstream. Eosinophils migrate to the lung in order to fight the parasites and EP results. Important parasites which invade the lung include Paragonimus lung flukes and the tapeworms Echinococcus and Taenia solium. Important parasites which inhabit the lung as part of their normal life cycle include the worms (helminths) Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis and the hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. When EP is caused by this last group, it is often called "Löffler's syndrome". The final group of parasites cause EP when a large number of eggs are carried into the lungs by the bloodstream. This can include Trichinella spiralis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, the hookworms, and the schistosomes.^[4]

AEP and CEP[edit]

The causes for both AEP and CEP are unknown as of 2005. There is some suspicion that at least AEP is the result of the body's response to some unidentified environmental agent.

Diagnosis[edit]

Eosinophilic pneumonia is diagnosed in one of three circumstances: when a complete blood count reveals increased eosinophils and a chest x-ray or computed tomography (CT) identifies abnormalities in the lung, when a biopsy identifies increased eosinophils in lung tissue, or when increased eosinophils are found in fluid obtained by a bronchoscopy (bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] fluid). Association with medication or cancer is usually apparent after review of a person's medical history. Specific parasitic infections are diagnosed after examining a person's exposure to common parasites and performing laboratory tests to look for likely causes. If no underlying cause is found, a diagnosis of AEP or CEP is made based upon the following criteria. AEP is most likely with respiratory failure after an acute febrile illness of usually less than one week, changes in multiple areas and fluid in the area surrounding the lungs on a chest x-ray, and greater than 25% eosinophils on a BAL. Other typical laboratory abnormalities include an elevated white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and immunoglobulin E level. Pulmonary function testing usually reveals a restrictive process with reduced diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide. CEP is most likely when the symptoms have been present for more than a month. Laboratory tests typical of CEP include increased blood eosinophils, a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, iron deficiency anemia, and increased platelets. A chest x-ray can show abnormalities anywhere, but the most specific finding is increased shadow in the periphery of the lung, away from the heart.

Treatment[edit]

When eosinophilic pneumonia is related to an illness such as cancer or parasitic infection, treatment of the underlying cause is effective in resolving the lung disease. When due to AEP or CEP, however, treatment with corticosteroids results in a rapid, dramatic resolution of symptoms over the course of one or two days. Either intravenous methylprednisolone or oral prednisone are most commonly used. In AEP, treatment is usually continued for a month after symptoms disappear and the x-ray returns to normal (usually four weeks total). In CEP, treatment is usually continued for three months after symptoms disappear and the x-ray returns to normal (usually four months total). Inhaled steroids such as fluticasone have been used effectively when discontinuation of oral prednisone has resulted in relapse.^[5] Because EP affects the lungs, individuals with EP have difficulty breathing. If enough of the lung is involved, it may not be possible for a person to breathe without support. Non-invasive machines such as a bilevel positive airway pressure machine may be used. Otherwise, placement of a breathing tube into the mouth may be necessary and a ventilator may be used to help the person breathe.

Prognosis[edit]

Eosinophilic pneumonia due to cancer or parasitic infection carries a prognosis related to the underlying illness. AEP and CEP, however, have very little associated mortality as long as intensive care is available and treatment with corticosteroids is given. CEP often relapses when prednisone is discontinued; therefore, some people with CEP require lifelong therapy. Chronic prednisone is associated with many side effects, including increased infections, weakened bones, stomach ulcers, and changes in appearance.^[6]

Epidemiology[edit]

Eosinophilic pneumonia is a rare disease. Parasitic causes are most common in geographic areas where each parasite is endemic. AEP can occur at any age, even in previously healthy children, though most patients are between 20 and 40 years of age. Men are affected approximately twice as frequently as women. AEP has been associated with smoking. CEP occurs more frequently in women than men and does not appear to be related to smoking. An association with radiation for breast cancer has been described.^[7]

History[edit]

Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia was first described by Carrington^[8] in 1969, and it is also known as Carrington syndrome. Prior to that, eosinophilic pneumonia was a well described pathologic entity usually associated with medication or parasite exposures. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia was first described in 1989^[9]^[10]

References[edit]

^ Bain GA, Flower CD (1996). "Pulmonary eosinophilia". Eur J Radiol 23 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1016/0720-048X(96)01029-7. PMID 8872069.
^ http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm220273.htm
^ Rom WN, Weiden M, Garcia R, et al. (2002). "Acute eosinophilic pneumonia in a New York City firefighter exposed to World Trade Center dust". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166 (6): 797–800. doi:10.1164/rccm.200206-576OC. PMID 12231487.
^ Weller PF (1994). "Parasitic pneumonias". In Pennington, James. Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management (3rd ed.). New York: Raven Press. p. 695. ISBN 0-7817-0173-2.
^ Jantz MA, Sahn SA (1999). "Corticosteroids in acute respiratory failure". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160 (4): 1079–100. PMID 10508792.
^ Naughton M, Fahy J, FitzGerald MX (1993). "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. A long-term follow-up of 12 patients". Chest 103 (1): 162–5. doi:10.1378/chest.103.1.162. PMID 8031327.
^ Cottin V, Frognier R, Monnot H, Levy A, DeVuyst P, Cordier JF (2004). "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia after radiation therapy for breast cancer". Eur. Respir. J. 23 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00071303. PMID 14738224.
^ Carrington CB, Addington WW, Goff AM, et al. (1969). "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia". N. Engl. J. Med. 280 (15): 787–98. doi:10.1056/NEJM196904102801501. PMID 5773637.
^ Badesch DB, King TE, Schwarz MI (1989). "Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: a hypersensitivity phenomenon?". Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139 (1): 249–52. PMID 2912347.
^ Allen JN, Pacht ER, Gadek JE, Davis WB (1989). "Acute eosinophilic pneumonia as a reversible cause of noninfectious respiratory failure". N. Engl. J. Med. 321 (9): 569–74. doi:10.1056/NEJM198908313210903. PMID 2761601.

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1. 慢性好酸球性肺炎 chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
2. 肺好酸球増多症の原因 causes of pulmonary eosinophilia
3. 間質性肺疾患の診断における気管支肺胞洗浄検査の役割 role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of interstitial lung disease
4. 好酸球の生物学および好酸球増多症の原因 eosinophil biology and causes of eosinophilia
5. 好酸球性肉芽腫性多発血管炎(チャーグ・ストラウス症候群）の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis churg strauss

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